ABSTRACT
Heavy metal pollution has always been a major type of environmental contamination and a main concern for food health. Tea is the most popular beverage in Iran and the presence of heavy metal in tea has received special attention because of their direct effect on health. The aims of this study were to measure the concentrations of Pb, Cr, Ni and Cu in consumed tea. A cross- sectional study was designed for this research. Eleven type of the most widely consumed brands of dry black tea were purchased from local market in Tehran. Certain volumes of four samples of each brand were collected and digested with Nitric acid and Chloridric acid using wet digestion method. The final solution of digestion was used to determine the level of these metals. Heavy metal contents in each sample were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The result showed that the mean concentrations of Pb, Cr, Cu and Ni in tea samples were 6.97 +/- 4.78, 5.75 +/- 1.08, 23.85 +/- 9.68, 2.91 +/- 1.9 [mg/kg], respectively. The maximum concentrations of Pb, Cr, Cu and Ni in tea samples were recorded for Ahmad tea Bag, S hilan, Golaby and dochakoshi, respectively. The results indicated that Pb and Ni concentrations in the black tea were higher than the permissible limit for the human foods, while for the other heavy metals, the amounts were lower than that. Regarding increasing trend of food sources, contamination with heavy metals and also due to their bioaccumulation in human body and the subsequent health risks, it is recommended to control these products
ABSTRACT
Diabetes is among the important health problems that threatens the quality of life [QOL] in patients. Heart disease is the most common complication of diabetes and the most prevalent treatment for this disease is open heart surgery. Due to extensive operations of heart surgery and unpredictable results of this intervention on the quality of life, we decided to Compare quality of life in diabetic and non diabetic patients after open heart surgery. This descriptive study was performed on 80 patients, 31 diabetic and 49 non-diabetic patients who were selected with objective based sampling. Data were collected by SF-36 and demographic data questionnaires which were completed in 3 steps [before, 1 and 3 monthes after operation]. Data were analyzed by descriptive and analytic statistics including chi-square, repeated measures design and independent and paired t-test. The results of the study showed no significant differences between the two groups in the different dimensions of life quality in the first and 3 months after the surgery. But in the field of mental health and role playing, there was significant statistical difference [p=0.03] between the two groups three months after surgery. This study showed that both diabetic and nondiabetic patients had benefitted from open heart surgery and it had improved their quality of life. Therefore, more studies are recommended to evaluate the long-term effects of open heart surgery on patients' quality of life