Teratogenic effect of lead acetate on Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera zonata

Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera zonata were studied under the effect of lead acetate for 48 hours exposure at larval stages. Since, lead is widely distributed industrial pollutant in the world. It is significant environmental pollutant which contaminates foods, water, soil and air and insect could get easily the influence of such pollutants. Therefore, the teratogenic effects of lead [lead acetate] on external morphology on fruit flies was determined. The effects of lead acetate, in the concentrations of 0.125 mg., 0.25 mg., 0.5 mg, 1.0 mg and 2.0 mg on Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera zonata, were studied at 48 hours post treatment. It was observed that under the effects of lead abnormalities and malformation were developed in the larvae of flies. Teratomorphic changes were observed as elongated wings, de-shaped wings, elongated and folded legs, change in melanization of larvae, pupae and adults. Some other structural abnormalities of larvae and pupal shape were also observed. Thus, the Diptera flies could present a useful module for the rapid screening of the environmental hazards due to lead contamination, which exerts a definite physiological and morphological effect on Diptera flies. Therefore, in this respect Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera zonzta, could be included in a test system for heavy metals toxicity determination

Adverse effect of lead acetate on Drosophila melanogaster

As lead is an important environmental noxious waste which directly or indirectly contaminate the foods, soil water, and air thus, insects could be influenced easily by the lead. Therefore, lead was studied as lead acetate in different doses. viz 0.125 mg., 0.25 mg., 0.5 mg, 01 mg and 02 mg, on external morphology on Drosophila melanogaster at 48 hours post treatment. It was observed that under the effects of lead abnormalities and deformity were developed in the larvae of flies. Morphological changes were observed as elongated wings, de-shaped wings, elongated and folded legs, change in color of larvae, pupae and adults. Some other structural abnormalities of larvae and pupa shape were also observed. Thus the Dipterous flies could present a useful module for the quick transmission of the environmental hazards due to lead contamination, which exerts a specific physiological and morphological effect on these flies. So, in this respect, Drosophila melanogaster, could be used as a test method for heavy metals effects

Correlation between body weight and egg weight of Dokki and Fayoumi hen in Pakistan

Dokki and Fayoumi hens were studied for their egg production and feed consumption features. Feed consumption of 101.67 and 105.4 gram per day per Dokki and Fayoumi hens bird was observed in the under test poultry from 20th to 40th weeks of age. In Dokki breed, the total egg production was recorded as 47.2% and average number of egg per hen was 66.2%. In this type an average increased egg weight was found from 39.2g to 45.9g. An average body weight gain during the 20th to 40th week of age was observed as 0.67kg. The survival/viability was 93.74% under the test conditions. On the other hand in Fayoumi breed, total egg production was 54.7% and the average egg weight 41.6 grams. The average body weight of the hen at 20th week of age was 1.35 kg and at 40th week of age was 1.684 kg; with an average gain in the body weight during 20th to 40th week of age was 0.325 kg. The mortality in Fayoumi was 5.45% recoded and survival was 94.55% whereas in Dokki it was 6.36 and survival was 93.74. In the both under test breed positive correlation between body weight and egg weight was recorded

Toxicity of imidacloprid [nicotinoid] against earthworm, pheretima posthuma with reference to its effects on protein

Imidaclorprid was studied for its effects on earthworm [P. posthumd]. The organism was reared in laboratory at 25 °C with relative humidity 80%, in whole moist soil with compost / manure as food medium contained in wide mouth jars covered with muslin cloth. Imidacloprid [Nicotinoid] was used as test material. Earthworms were exposed to the under test compound through contact method cum feeding method. Average mortalities of imidacloprid were found to be 20, 40, 60, 70 and 80%, against 0.04, 0.08, 0.16, 0.32, and 0.64 ppm respectively and LD50 was determined statistically and found to be 0.11 ppm. Effect of this pesticide on total protein content was determined in head, clitellum and abdominal regions of treated earthworm P. posthuma. Protein was found to be 21.6 mg/ml in head region, in clitellum region it was found to be 36.6, and 30.9 mg/ml in abdominal region respectively, whereas in the control batches it was 27.7, 26.1 and 30.3 mg/ml in head, clitellum and abdominal region respectively. This pattern indicates an increase in protein contents in the clitellum region, a decrease in head region and almost unaffected protein contents was found in the abdominal regions under the effects of imidacloprid on earthworms