Antibiotic resistance of isolated bacteria from urban and hospital wastewaters in Hamadan City

Widely use of antibiotics as therapy and uncontrolled discharge of them to receiving waters increased the percentages of antibiotic resistant bacteria in various environments which may cause problems in therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiotic resistance of E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa bacteria isolated from urban and hospital wastewaters. Nine antibiotics namely Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazol, Gentamycin, Ceftizoxime, Nalidixic Acid, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxon and Cefalexin were investigated in this study. Through a cross-sectional descriptive study the isolation of bacteria from hospital and urban wastewater samples was performed by microbiological identification techniques. The resistance to nine antibiotics was tested by application of the standard disc diffusion technique and zone-size interpretation chart of Kirby-Baeur. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used to assessing two environments differences. The resistance percentage of E. coli to studied antibiotics was significantly less [ranged from 1.81 to 51.02%] than the resistance percentage of R aeroginosa [ranged from 3.57 to 61.76] and K. pneumoniae [ranged from 6.45 to 91.83%]. the highest resistance to antibiotics studied was for K. pneumonia in comparison with others. E. coli, K. pneumonia and P. aeroginosa bacteria showed the highest resistance to CAZ, SXT and CN, respectively. The study showed the resistance rate in hospital wastewater is more than urban wastewater. Easy access and uncontrolled usage of antibiotics cause discharge of antibiotics to wastewaters and consequently diminish the drugs' effectiveness. High concentration of antibiotic and diversity in wastewater of hospital in comparison with urban wastewater causes to transfer resistant agents between bacteria and increased the multiple resistances

[Removal of nitrate by MgCl[2]-modified pumice and zero-valent magnesium from aqueous solutions]

High level of nitrate ion in the water resources cause some health and environmental problems. The aim of this research is to study nitrate removal by Zero-Valent Magnesium [ZVM] and MgCl2-modified pumice from aqueous solutions. The pumice granules were modified by MgCl[2]. The removal of nitrate was studied in a batch system. The pH, initial nitrate concentration and sorbent mass parameters and the Langmuir and Freundlich models were studied in the sorption of nitrate onto the pumice. The ZVM was also used in a bach system and the previous parameters were studied. The removal efficiencies of nitrate by ZVM at the initial pH of 3, 5 and 7 with controlling the pH were 70%, 40% and 30%, respectively. These values are much higher than the values of the condition during which the pH was not controlled. The nitrate removal efficiency increased by increasing of initial nitrate concentration in a constant molar ratio of Mg[0]/NO[3]. The removal efficiencies of nitrate by the modified pumice at the initial pH of 3, 6.5 and 10 [when pH kept under control] were 49%, 29% and 16%, respectively. By increasing of the initial nitrate concentration the removal efficiency increased. The values of R[2] for the Langmuir and Freundlich models were 0.944 and 0.810, respectively. The sorption process Fitted well the Langmuir model with a monolayer sorption capacity of 0.68 mg/g. The modified pumice had lower efficiency than ZVM in the removal of nitrate ion and its usage is not considerably affected bye the pH in comparison with ZVM. The pH of the solution should be considered as a main controlling parameter to get an optimum efficiency in the nitrate-ZVM process