[Maternal nexposure on collagen type IV pulmonary changes in mouse offspring's]

In this study we evaluated the effect of maternal nicotine administration during pre and postnatal period on collagen IV changes in lung of mouse newborns. Female Balb/C mice were mated and finding vaginal plug was assumed as day zero of pregnancy. Pregnant mice, were divided into 2 experimental and 2 control groups. Experimental group 1, received 3 mg/kg nicotine intrapritoneally from day 5 of gestation to last day of pregnancy. Experimental group 2 received the same amount of nicotine during the same gestational days as well as the first two week after birth [lactation]. The control groups received the same volume of normal saline during the same periods. At the end of exposure time, all of newborns [experimental and control] were anesthetized and their lungs were removed and immunohistochemical study for tracing collagen were carried out. Our finding indicated that collagen reaction in the bronchial basement membrane [BBM] and extra cellular matrix [ECM] of lung parenchyma in experimental increased significantly in comparison to control groups. Cell necrosis definition in lung parenchyma of experimental group 2 were the other finding that our investigation achieved. These data indicate that maternal nicotine exposure may induce a noticeable increasing collagen reasonable in BBM and ECM of respiratory system of next generation. The lungs of these animals which were exposed to nicotine via the placenta and mother's milk, are more susceptible to damages such as abnormal collagen synthesis and cell necrosis

[ key role of type IV collagen in developing retinal basement membrane in mouse]

Basement membranes are specialized extracellular matrices serve as development, proliferation and substrates for migration. Collagen fibers specially type IV, are the most important part of this area. As retina is one of the target organs in diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy are major cause of end stage - renal and retinal diseases and resulting in increased in morbidity and mortality of effected individuals, therefore early diagnosis leads to better treatment. Investigation the appearance and distribution of collagen IV during gestational days and early postnatal period. 24 intact female Balb/c mice were kept under normal nutrition and environment condition. After mating, vaginal plug was assumed as zero day of pregnancy. From [13[th]-18[th]] days, gestation pregnant mice were sacrified and their embryos as well as pups from 1st to 5th days were collected. For histochemichal studies, the head of specimens were fixed, histological preparation was done and by using monocolonal antibody against for tracing of collagen type IV were carried out. Our finding revealed that amount of collagen IV in internal limiting membrane [ILM] and extra cellular matrix [ECM] of the retina appearance on embryonic 16[th] day and increase continuously until end stage of embryonic life. In addition, strong labeling was observed until 3rd day of postnatal period but these reactions did not increase significantly after these periods. These findings indicate that retinal development is dependent on different proteins by special regards specially collagen IV

Human urogenital myiasis caused by lucilia sericata [diptera: calliphoridae] and wohlfahrtia magnifica [diptera: sarcophagidae] in Markazi Province of Iran

We report a case of human urogenital myiasis in an 86-year-old rural man with a penil ulcer and numerous alive and motile larvae from urethra and glans penis. Entomological studies on adult flies showed the larvae were Lucilia sericata and Wohlfahrtia magnifica. The clinical presentation and treatment strategies are discussed

Time course effects of lithium administration on spatial memory acquisition and cholinergic marker expression in rats

The effects of chronic lithium exposure on spatial memory in rats remain controversial. In this study a time course of the effects of lithium, administered systemically, on spatial memory acquisition in Morris water maze was investigated. Lithium [600 mg/L] was administered to four groups of rats in their drinking water; the first group of animals received lithium for one week, the second group for two weeks, the third group for three weeks, and the fourth group for four weeks. As controls, four groups of animals received only normal drinking water for the same period of time. Toward the end of their lithium or water treatment, all animals were trained for four days; each day included one block and each block contained four trials. Test trials were conducted 48 hrs after completion of the lithium treatment. Escape latency, traveled distance and swimming speed were evaluated during testing trials. Brain tissues from animals were processed according to the standard protocols for immunohistochemical analysis. Lithium treatment decreased escape latency and traveled distance, but not swimming speed, compared with controls, suggesting significant spatial memory acquisition enhancement by lithium. Quantitative analysis showed that lithium, particularly after four weeks of exposure, significantly increased the number and density of immunostained ChAT-containing [choline acetyltransferase] neurons in the medial septal area in comparison with control groups. There was also a significant correlation between the number of immunostained ChAT neurons and behavioral measures. These results suggest that chronic oral administration of lithium causes spatial memory acquisition improvement in rats and an increase in ChAT immunostaining levels in medial septal nuclei

[Study of expression type IV collagen during mouse kidney ubulogenesis in Balb/c mouse]

In this study specific antibody have been used for tracing type IV collagen basement membrane during renal tubules morphogenesis in mouse fetuses. 20 female Balb/C mice were selected randomly and were kept under normal condition, finding vaginal plug was assumed as day zero of pregnancy. 12 pregnant mice were sacrified by cervical dislocation in one of gestational days 13-18 and their fetuses were fixed, serially sectioned and immunohistochemistry study for tracing of collagen type IV in BMG was carried out. The same processes were used for kidneys preparation on 5, 10, 15 and 20 postnatal days newborns of 2 mothers for each day. Based on our data, Collagen IV showed weak reaction on day 14 of gestation in tubular BM. The amount of collagen increased continuously until next days of fetal life and primary of 5 days postnatal in BM. After this period, collagen IV reaction was not showed significant change in newborns. These results indicate that developmental changes in various nephron segments from most immature stages to most differentiated structures are dependent to the type IV collagen expression

[Knowledge of health care workers in hospitals of Zabol about the appropriate procedure for administration of blood and blood components]

Blood and blood components are used inappropriately in surgery and non surgery procedures. In medical settings, blood transfusion is important and its appropriate practice requires adequate expertise and knowledge; thus, this study is designed to assess the knowledge level of health care workers regarding appropriate use of blood and blood components in hospitals of Zabol. This is a descriptive study conducted on 122 nurses and health care workers. Data were collected by a questionnaire including 30 questions; they were then analyzed by SPSS version 11 software and Chi-Square. Findings showed that 26.2% of health care workers had a low level, 22.1% a moderate, and 51.6% an acceptable level of knowledge about appropriate use of blood. We did not find any significant correlation between the knowledge level of health care workers and their years in profession, age, gender, university degree, etc. Results strongly emphasized the need for a curriculum to promote knowledge of health care workers regarding blood transfusion because we found a low and moderate level of knowledge in approximately half of the participants

rare variation of axillary artery

The axillary artery, a continuation of the subclavian artery, begins at the outer border of first rib, and ends nominally at the inferior border of teres major muscle where it becomes the brachial artery. During the dissection of a 30-35-year-old man cadaver, according to classical anatomy method [Grant's method], we found an unusual branching in the second part of the axillary artery on the right side. The second part of axillary artery had a common branch, from which a lateral thoracic and subscapular artery was originated. This is an infrequent variation that has not been reported in the anatomy references, as yet. The increasing use of invasive diagnostic and interventional procedures in cardiovascular diseases, as well use of branches of upper limb arteries for coronary bypass and flaps in reconstructive surgery. Therefore, accurate knowledge of normal and variant arterial pattern of the upper extremities, for example axillary artery, is very important for medical specialists particularly anatomists and surgeons. Awareness of such variations can help surgeons to reduce the postoperative complications

[Ischemic and reperfusion injury of adult rat sciatic nerve]

Ischemia plays a major role in development of pathological changes in various neuropathies. Reperfusion amplifies physiological and pathological abnormalities in ischemic nerves. In this research, we studied ischemic-reperfusion [IR] injury of sciatic nerve up to 14 days of reperfusion. IR was produced by ligation and release of nooses around supplying vessels to the sciatic nerve. 30 rats were assigned into 5 groups of 6. Group 1 [control] did not undergo IR while the 4 remaining groups after three hours of complete hind leg ischemia underwent reperfusion within 0hr, 3hrs, 7 days and 14 days. Pathologically, two phases were identifiable. During phase 1 [0-3 hrs] fiber degeneration and endoneurial edema were observed. During phase 2 [7 days and, 14 days] prominent fiber degeneration and prominent endoneurial edema were observed. Loss of function occurred in more than 75% of the rats with ischemia alone, in comparison with the control group the maximum reduction in activities was observed amongst the group of rats reperfused within 3 hours. IR injury depends on duration of reperfusion. Microvascular events during reperfusion may enhance the nerve fiber damage following the ischemia period