Intervention of fruit juice in yoghurt preparation

Fruit yoghurt was prepared with the addition of different ratios [5, 10 and 15%] of jackfruit and mango juice. The physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics were analyzed to assess the quality of yoghurt. The physical parameters showed that 5% JFD and 10% MFD came in top position compared to other types of yoghurt or Dahi. The fat and protein contents decreased in both JFD and MFD but not in plain Dahi owing to the lower fat and protein content of fruit juice. Acid contents increased in JFD and MFD due to the high concentrations of fermentable sugars in fruit juice which promotes acid formation. The microbial concentration of fruit Dahi were within standard values, though the H and K Dahi samples contained slightly below standard cocci and bacilli. The findings confirm that the addition of fruit juice up to a certain limit, not exceeding 5-10% of the milk, improved the color, texture, flavor and taste of yoghurt

Study of contraceptive user women in D.I.Khan, Pakistan

Since its creation, Pakistan's population is increasing rapidly. Despite being among the first countries in South Asia to launch a national family planning program, Pakistan has poor performance in improving contraceptive prevalence. It is necessary to find why the rate of contraception use is so low in Pakistan. This study investigates the personal and social factors that influence the adoption of contraceptive methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted during the period from July 1,06 to Aug 31,06. the study population consisted of married women, 15-45 years, currently using contraceptives, visiting Zanana Hospital [Government health care facility] and Farukh Gul clinic [a private clinic]. The sampling method was convenient. We collected detailed information through questionnaire filling. The contents of questionnaire were about demography, literacy level, socio-economic status, contraceptive practice, adverse effects, method failure and to know whether the male partner uses the contraception. We recruited 60 women for this study according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The finding of this study revealed that majority of the women [54] in study population belong to age group 21-30. six women were between 40-45 while only two were found in younger age group 15-20. Regarding literacy level, 1.6% respondents could only read, 11.6% had primary education, 10% middle, 18% matriculate, 13% intermediate, 3.3% graduate and 6.6% were master. Among literate participants, 41 were housewives and 19 were employed. Most commonly adopted contraceptive and tubal ligation 55. Most common adverse effects observed were menstrual bleeding [15%] weight gain [15%], pain abdomen [13.3%], backache [10%] headache 10% and 8.3% were happy with their contraception, having no complaints. The findings of this study have important policy implications. Obstacles to contraceptive use in our country are related to women's autonomy, low education, limited mobility, contraceptive methods affordability, availability and awareness

Road traffic accidents; study of risk factors

Road traffic accidents are a major yet neglected public health problem in developing countries. Trends in motorization indicate an increase in road traffic injuries; furthermore, by 2020, they could rank third in the order of burden of disease Road traffic accidents are an important yet preventable cause of death and disability in developing countries, like Pakistan. To explore preventable aspects of the road traffic accidents. Cross sectional study. Casualty department of District Head Quarter Teaching hospital Dera Ismail Khan. All non-fatal and non-comatose cases of road traffic accidents victims reporting to casualty department were included in the study. The victims of the accidents were interviewed to obtain information about circumstances leading to accidents. The information collected comprised: time of accidents, nature of injury, narcotic consumption of driver, condition of road and vehicle, safety belts, road signs and vehicle speed beside demographic characteristics of respondents. Age revealed that age group 21-25 years were highly affected 18% while age group 51-55 years were least affected 2%. Among them were male 765 and were female 24%. 93 victims belong to rural area [62%] while 57 were from urban [38%]. Among victims, 37% were motorcyclist, 23% bicyclist, 22% motorized two-wheelers and 18% bus users. The accidents were more common during the daytime in 100 cases [66%]. Fractures of bones was common injury in 90 cases [60%] afflicted to the victims followed by multiple injuries like blunt injuries, abrasions and lacerations. Among victims, only 2% used protective helmets. All helmet users were motorcyclists. No seat belts were found to have been used by the victims. There was no evidence of any narcotics consumption by the driver prior to accidents. Road traffic accidents are predictable and preventable but good data is important to understand the ways in which road safety interventions can be effective. Cost-effective preventive measures can be designed to address this global problem

SLICK for congenital subglottic haemangiomas treatment

Congenital subglottic haemangiomas are rare, however they are important treatable couse of infantile stridor and can be fatal unless treated. They present in a range of ways most noticeably with stridor in infancy period and as they enlarge they can threaten the airway. Thus they require urgent assessment and treatment. We present three cases of subglottic haemangiomas all of which represented different clinical management strategies. We review this interesting topic with discussion on presentation, treatment options and outcome

Mini Cholecystectomy -better option than conventional cholecystectomy

Cholecystectomy is the gold standard procedure for symptomatic gallstones. It can be performed by either open or by laparoscopic method. Open cholecystectomy can further be done by either conventional method or by using a smaller incision known as minicholecystectomy. Many studies previously have shown that minicholecystectomy has comparable results with laparoscopic or open cholecystectomy. This prospective study consisted of 100 patients and was done over a period of one year. Patients were randomly allocated as Group A [conventional cholecystectomy] and Group B [mini cholecystectomy]. The age and sex distribution were comparable. Minicholecystectomy was successfully performed in 46 [92%] of cases, while 4 [8%] cases were converted to conventional cholecystectomy. Ike total operative time was comparable in two groups. Moreover patients in Group B had less postoperative pain,,.shorter stay in hospital and returned early to their work. The postoperative complications were also comparable in both groups. This comparative study concluded that minicholecystectomy offer less postoperative pain, shorter hospitalization, and early return to work, without any increased risk of postoperative complications. Moreover it does not require sophisticated methods or additional specialized skills and thus can be performed by any experienced general surgeon

study of prevalence of malaria in adult population of D.I.Khan, Pakistan

Malaria is a serious global health challenge. It continues to be a threat to the developing countries. Epidemiological data from different regions of Pakistan is insufficient to exactly evaluate the incidence of various types of malaria. D. I. Khan is a hot area on the right bank of the river Indus, providing favourable circumstances for mosquito breeding. We conducted this study to see the prevalence and presentation of various types of malaria in adult patients presenting with fever, and its response to anti-malarial agents in this region. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of Medicine, Gomal Medical college, D. I. Khan, from 28[th] August 2005 to 27[th] February 2006. All adult patients presenting to the outpatient clinic with fever were included in the study. A total of 490 patients presented with fever as a chief complaint. After detailed history and thorough clinical examination, Giemsa stained thick and thin blood films were examined. Species determination and parasite count were performed. Patients were grouped into two; Group A having Falciparum malaria and Group B any other type. Group A patients were randomly given either Quinine or Artemnether. Group B patients were given Chloroquine, Quinine or Artemether in standard doses. MP and parasite count were repeated on day 7 and 14 and the presence of more than 25% parasitaemia as compared to pretreatment was taken as treatment failure. Out of 490 patients, ninety-eight [20%] were found positive for malaria, seventy-five males and 23 females. Comparing the symptoms in falciparum and vivax malaria, it was found that nausea/vomiting was twice as common in falciparum malaria. Comparing the anti-malarial drugs, Chloroquine and Quinine were found to be effective in all patients. On the other hand Artemether was found to be 100% effective in vivax malaria and poor response to therapy was observed in two [4%] patients with falciparum malaria. As a conclusion malaria is responsible for fever in every fifth adult patient in our setup. Males are three times more commonly affected than females. Plasmodium falciparumn is 1.5 times more common than vivax. Nausea/vomiting and pallor are more common in falciparum, while splenomegaly is seen in vivax malaria. Commonly used anti-malarial drugs are effective in most of the cases

Basal cutaneous blood flow as a function of anatomical sites in smokers and non-smokers

Cutaneous perfusion was measured in smokers and non-smokers at different anatomical sites using Laser Doppler Perfusion Monitor. Ten healthy normal non-smokers and same number of healthy smokers [smoking 8-10 cigarettes a day] were considered. All the subjects were males of age group 22-28 years. The room temperature was maintained between 20-24°C. The skin perfusion was measured using Laser Doppler Perfusion Monitor. Sixty different anatomical sites were selected in each subject. During the study the subjects were lying in supine position. They were asked to relax for 10 minutes before the study. Perfusion was reported in arbitrary perfusion units [PU]. Results were analyzed for inter-site differences within the individual, inter-individual differences within the group viz, smoker and non-smokers and the differences in corresponding sites in smokers and non-smokers. It was observed that the mean perfusion at 40 of the sixty sites was significantly low in smokers. When compared with normal it was found that overall skin perfusion in smokers was about 30-40% less than that in non-smokers. This shows the severe effect of smoking on skin microcirculation

Management of hemorrhoids by rubber band ligation

Rubber Bond Ligation has been used in the treatment of 200 consecutive patients with Internal Haemorrhoids. The treatment was performed in the private clinic [out patient] without anaesthesia. Only one Haemorrhoid or sometimes two were ligated at one time to ovoid tenesmus. This was especially true in patients with large Hoemorrhoids. A follow-up of two years shows that Rubber-band ligation leads to satisfactory outcome in 89% of patients with prolapse and 90% with bleeding. Apart from cardinal symptoms of bleeding and prolapse, banding is effective in relieving anal pain, pruritis Ani and Soiling which can be regarded as secondary symptoms of the disease. It has been suggested that one year is adequate to indicate long term results. The treatment is simple and effective. The main complications were dull-ache in nearly all patients and minor secondary haemorrhage in some patients

Fasting effect on various body parameters during Ramadan

30 male subjects aged 17-57 years were included in this study. Their body weight was recorded. The blood samples were collected before and on the first, 11th, 20th 29th day of Ramadan and 30 days after the month of fasting and examined for serum glucose, bilirubin, calcium, cholesterol, phosphorus and protein levels. A reduction in body weight was observed during the month of Ramadan. Serum glucose decreased during first 11 days of Ramadan but latter showed a progressive rise and reached pre-Ramadan level by 29th day. A significant increase in serum bilirubin and slight decrease in calcium and cholesterol was found during Ramadan. No significant change was noted in the concentration of phosphorous and total protein. However all the affected levels returned to basal values one month after Ramadan

Relationship of corpus luteum size with progesterone level in mammalian milk

Relationship corpus Luteum [CL] size with milk progesterone level in Nili-Ravi buffalos was studied. One hundred lactating bufaloes were randomly selected. Milk progesterone level was determined with the help of enzyme immunoassay technique and post-slaughter examination of corpus huteum was used as a criterion for confirmation-of EIA diagnosis of CL and its comparison with concurrent milk progesterone level. Single CLs had fairly good relationship with concurrent milk progesterone level [correlaton co-efficient 0.928 and covariance 23.77] but double CLs did not have any significantt relationship with the milk progesterone level [correlation co-efficient 0.375 and covariance 4.99]