Utility of imidazole derivative in the synthesis of biologically active nitrogen heterocyclic systems

Reaction of 2-[4-[4-Chlorobenzylidene]-5-oxo-4,5 dihydroxazol2-ylmethyl]- isoindole-l,3-dione [1] with p-aminoacetophenone followed by reaction with p-chi- orobenzaldehyde afforded chalcone 3, which used was as a precursor for the synthesis of a variety of pyrazole, oxazole, pyrimidine, pyridine and oxarine compounds.On the other hand, the reaction of 1 with glycine afforded imidazolylglycine [14] which reacted with thionyl chloride followed by addition of ammonium thiocyanate to give the isothiocyanate derivative 15 which reacts with different nitrogen and carbon nucleophiles to afford new derivatives of biologically active heterocycles. The antimicrobial activities of some synthesized derivatives were examined against some selected bacteria and fungi

Parental smoking and lower chest problems in infants and children

Tobacco is the commonest indoor environmental pollutant to which children-are exposed. Passive smoking, the major source of indoor pollution has been identified as a risk factor for a variety of diseases. Children appear to be particularly vulnerable to passive smoking with increased incidence of wheezing, bronchial hyperreactivity, asthma, atopy, frequent cough, otitis media, persistent ear effusion, snoring and sudden infant death syndrome. The aim of this work was evaluation the relationship of parental smoking and lower chest problems, serum immunoglobulin E and eosinophil count in infants and children in Sharkia Community.This study included 2 main groups. Group I: Consists of 100 children with history of exposure to indoor passive smoking and group II: included 50 children without history of exposure to parental smoking as a control group. Every child in both groups was subjected to general and local chest examination, stool and urine analysis; chest X-ray; urinary cotinine level; absolute eosinophil count and serum IgE. This study showed that passive smoker children had statistically significant increase in urinary cotinine level; serum total IgE; and the frequency of lower respiratory illness than in control group. This increase was more in boys than girls and in children aged less than 2 years than those above 2 years. Also passive smoker children had significant increase in total eosinophil count than controls but there was no difference regarding the sex and age. Lastly there was positive and significant relationship between urinary cotinine level and serum IgE and the frequency of lower respiratory illness. From the above we can conclude that children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke are more vulnerable to health hazards especially lower respiratory illness

Determination of interleukin - 10 level in rheumatoid arthritis and corralation with disease activity parameters [a controlled study]

lnterleukin-10 [IL-10] has been shown to exert both anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory affects both in vivo and in vitro. We, therefore, sought to examine the role of this cytokine in rheumatoid arthritis [RA] by assessing serum and synovial fluid IL-10 level and correlating its level with disease activity parameters. Serum and synovial fluid samples were collected from 40 RA patients and 20 OA patients and 20 healthy persons as a control group. IL-10 was assessed by specific enzyme linked immunosorbent assay [EL1SA]. Results showed that both serum and synovial fluid IL-10 level were non-significantly higher than that of the control including OA patients with synovial level non significantly higher than serum level. Results, also, showed that there is an inverse non significant correlation with RA disease activity parameters This study suggested that there is a tendency of increased production of IL-10 in patients with RA. This increased IL-10 production is mainly originating from synovium. IL-10 level is not a reliable marker for RA disease activity

Intereukin-1 beta in rheumatoid arthritis; corrlation with disease activity

Serum level of interleukin-[l] beta was estimated in 22 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, who fulfilled the American Collage of Rheumatology criteria. Another 15 persons, matched for age and sex, were chosen as a control group. Quantitative assay by an immunoenzymatic method showed significant increase [P < 0.05] of interleukin-1 beta in sera of rheumatoid arthritis patients than sera of the control group. When level of serum interleukin-[1] beta was correlated to parameters of disease there was significant correlation with joint tenderness using Ritchie articular index. Results confirm the role of interleukin-[1] beta in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and suggest. its serial estimation for follow-up purpose or monitoring response to therapy