Evaluation of diagnostic value of sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer

Dissection of the axillary lymph nodes is considered as one of the common measures in management of breast cancer. Edema and limitation in hand movement are accompanied with dissection of axillary lymph nodes. Sentinel lymph node biopsy can be used to evaluate axillary metastasis. This study was carried out to evaluate the diagnostic value of sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with breast cancer. This descriptive study was performed on 30 selected patients with breast cancer less than 5 cm without any involvement of axillary lymph nodes in Ghaem Hospital in Mashhad, North-East of Iran during 2009 -10. Initially, the lymphoscintigraphy was performed. Subsequently, prior, to the surgery, the blue dye as a marker was injected for detecting sentinel lymph node and with the use of probe gamma counter and observing blue color on lymph nodes, the sentinel node was determined and separated. Finally, axillary dissection was performed for removing the lymph nodes of I and II level in all patients. Among 30 patients who were evaluated for sentinel lymph nodes and axillary dissection, false negative were observed only in two cases [6.6%]. The sensitivity rate was determined to be 84.6%. Considering the high success rate of detection of sentinel lymph node and limited false negative cases, sentinel lymph node biopsy is recommended in cases of breast cancer without axillary involvement

[ experimental model of hydatidosis in rabbit testis]

Although no part of human anatomy is invulnerable to hydatid disease, it has been reported to occur in most of vital organs. Hydatid disease of urinary tract is uncommon, accounting for only 2-3% of all such cases. Testes are extremely rare sites for echinococcosis. There are only three cases of testicular hydatid disease which were reported. In this laboratory animal model, we studied echinococcosis in rabbit testis. In this experimental trial study, 14 male Albino rabbits [body weight 2.5-3kg] were randomized into two groups: group A [study group], for testicular injection and group B [control group], for intraperitoneal injection of viable protoscoleces. All rabbits were infected, and then housed them under pathogen-free conditions for 10 weeks [70 days]. One rabbit from group A and three from group B died one day after injection, and the other rabbits survived during follow-up period. At 10th week they were all anaesthetized and then we studied all testes with ultrasonography. In group A all testes were excised, and in group B we removed liver, kidneys and took four biopsies from peritoneum, for histopathology investigation. There was demonstrable hydatid cyst [protoscoleces and germinative layer] in testes of five rabbits from group A, but in one rabbit both testes were normal. In group B, three out of four rabbits developed peritoneal hydatidosis. The mechanism of testicular resistance to echinococcosis could be blood-testis barrier because when we directly infected the testes of rabbits with protoscoleces, hydatid cyst developed

[Protective effect of Captopril and Allopunnol against renal warm ischemia reperfusion injury in dogs]

Captopril and Allopurinol have protective effect against renal warm ischemia with different mechanisms. The aime of this study was to evaluate this protective effect against induced 1 hour warm ischemia in dog's kidneys. This experimental study was done in the year 2006. We performed the operation on 15 healthy dogs. During these procedures both kidneys were clamped for 1 hour, then left kidney was removed for pathologic evaluation and right kidney remained insitue for functional assessment. Five random dogs received 1 [mg/kg]d[day] Captopril orally before and after surgery [captopril group]; another five dogs received 10 [mg/kg]/day Allopurinol orally before and after surgery [allopurinol group]. Five dogs of control group received no drugs. Serum urea and creatinine were measured preoperatively and on postoperative days of 1, 3, 5, 10 and 16 in all groups. Serum levels of urea and creatinine elevated in all groups but in Captopril group maximum levels of urea and creatinine were significantly lower than control [P<0.05]. In Allopurinol group the maximum rise of creatinine was significantly lower in comparison to control group [p< 0.05], but the maximum levels of urea in this group had no significant difference when compared with control values [p< 0.05]. There was no significant difference in pathologic changes in the three groups. One hour warm ischemia results in ATN so it is not safe for dog's kidneys. Althogh Captopril and Allopurinol do not prevent ATN after one hour warm ischemia; they can reduce its severity and improve renal function after warm ischemia