Effect of number of college baseball pitching on movement, performance, physical strength, physiological, and psychological functions of pitchers / 体力科学

This study aimed to examine the effects of college baseball pitching on movement, performance, physical strength, and physiological and psychological functions of pitchers. The participants were 10 right-handed male pitchers from the University baseball team. The number of pitches were 15 per inning and 135 per nine innings. Ball speed and accuracy were measured for each pitching. The grip strength, back muscle strength, and standing long jump were measured before and after all pitches. Blood lactate levels were measured before pitching, at the end of the 5th and 7th innings, and at 3rd, 6th, and 9th minutes after pitching. The participant’s heart rate and subjective exercise intensity were measured at the beginning and end of each inning using the Borg scale measurement. Five high-speed cameras were used to capture the pitching motions. The displacement of the center of gravity, lower and upper limb joint angles, and the speed of each segment were calculated. The baseball speed and accuracy did not change with the increased number of pitches. However, the grip strength decreased. Although blood lactate and heart rate were not altered, subjective exercise intensity was increased. The lower limb kinematics remained unchanged; however, elbow height was reduced in the upper limb. These results suggest that highly competitive pitchers experience subjective fatigue with the increased number of pitches, however, they maintain pitch performance, speed, and accuracy without altering whole-body physiology and lower-body function and form.

PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION ON LOAD OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE AT THE DEFINED HEART RATE THROUGH CONTROLLED EXERCISE / 体力科学

It is significant for whole body training of endurance ability or exerise as rehabilitation treatment of various diseases, that a fixed quantity of exercise in response to a defined level of heart rate could be loaded voluntarily.<BR>In the present studies it was determined heart rate, respiration rate, number of steps, treadmill speed, moreover, relationship between treadmill speed and heart rate, sudden change of exercise strength on intentional fixed quantity exercise in response to previously defined level of heart rate could be loaded by treadmill connected with “Heart Rate Controller (Quinton Co., Ltd.) ”.<BR>A series of patterns in treadmill running of the normal adult males were analyzed.<BR>On the other hand, transition of blood chemical substances during above exercise at defined heart rate were determined by use of the SMAC-System autoanalyzed (Technicon Co., Ltd.) .<BR>The obtained results in the follows;<BR>1) The relation between treadmill speed and heart rate defined at 130 beats/min, 150 or 170 each, are as follows.<BR>a) Treadmill speed at heart rate, previously defined as 130 b/min was 80±5-12 meters/min, actual heart rate during above exercise was 130±3-8 b/min in record.<BR>b) Treadmill speed at heart rate, 150 b/min was 100 ±9-18 m/min, actual heart rate 150±6-8 b/min in record.<BR>c) Treadmill speed at heart rate, 170 b/min was 130±10-33 m/min, actual heart rate 170±3-9 b/min in record.<BR>2) In the present studies respiratory rate during exercise at defined heart rate level neither altered nor had relation with treadmill speed. The number of steps did not alter, rather appeared to determine respiratory rate.<BR>3) When sudden change of exercise strength during exercise at defined heart rate level appeared, for instances, treadmill speed got quicker, deviated raise of rate from defined heart rate level varied by the individuals and also load on heart itself did by the individuals.<BR>4) In determination of blood chemical substances during exercise at defined 150 b/min or 170 b/min of heart rate level by SMAC-System, transition of above substances were observed to be within normal range but thier levels before exercise were promptly restored.<BR>From the results mentioned above it is suggested that process of intermediated metabolism during above exercise could be considerably stable and exercise load at a defined heart rate level can be prescribed intentionally.

ONE METHOD ON LODA OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE AT THE DEFINED HEART RATE / 体力科学

In the present studies it was examined to begin with, whether intentional fixed quantity of exercise in response to previously defined level of heart rate could be loaded by treadmill connected with“Heart Rate Controller” (Quinton Co., Ltd.) i.e. a series of patterns in running exercise of the normal adult males were analysed.<BR>The obtained results in short are in the following ;<BR>1) Running exercise in response to previously defined level of heart rate being carried out by use of the above“Heart Rate Controler”, speed of treadmill needed to be adjusted manually until heart rate reached the defined level and then controlled automatically.<BR>2) The relations between treadmill speed and heart rate defined at 130 Beats/min, 150 or 170 each, are as follows.<BR>a) Treadmill speed at heart rate, previously defined as 130 B/min was 80±5-12 meters/min, actual heart rate during above exercise was 130±3-8 B/min in record.<BR>b) Treadmill speed at heart rate, 150 B/min was 100±9-18 m/min, actual heart rate 150±6-8 B/min in record.<BR>c) Treadmill speed at heart rate, 170 B/min was 130±10-33 m/min, actual heart rate 170±3-9 B/min in record.<BR>As previously defined heart rate level was indreased, actual level in record deviated from the former within some extent and treadmill speed was also raised to maintain the defined heart rate level.<BR>Fluctuation width of treadmill speed varied remarkably by the individuals.<BR>Adjustment of treadmill speed was considered to be well under control by feedback mechanism of“Heart Rate Controller”.