ABSTRACT
Atherosclerosis is supposed to be causing number of deaths due to coronary artery stenosis and major inability in the shape of hemipleagias involving carotid arteries, which is called stroke or vascular accident. In this study, evaluation of the factors causing increased incidence of carotid artery atherosclerosis is done. Ultrasound has unique capability to visualise vessel wall in vivo. This important arterial pathophysiolgy detected with B-mode sonography is arthrosclerosis and plaque formation. Atherosclerotic plaque is represented sonographically by echogenic material that thickens the intimal reflection and encroaches onto the arterial lumen and produces flow void. The study was carried out with 375 patients who were attending the medical, surgical and diabetic departments of Santhiram Medical College, Nandyal for attributable neurological signs. All the cases were examined with SIEMENS SONOLINE G-50 ultrasound machine using the 7.5–10 MHz linear array transducer. All examinations are done with the Doppler angle of 60 degree and sample volume of 1–5 mm[2,5]. All four vessels, i.e., common carotid, internal carotid, external carotid and vertebral arteries of both sides are evaluated both longitudinally and transversely. Following parameters are observed on both real time and frozen images. Intima-media thickness, patent lumen diameter, residual lumen diameter, dimensions of the plaque, peak systolic velocity, systolic velocity ratio (carotid index), diastolic velocity ratio and percentage of diameter stenosis.
ABSTRACT
Degenerative disease of the lumbar spine refers to a syndrome in which an intervertebral disc with adjacent spine structures is compromised, this can be due to aging process associated with pathology. Thirty five percent of asymptomatic individuals may have degenerative spine findings, including: disc degeneration, modic changes, disc bulges, facet joint arthropathy and spinal stenosis. Plain radiography provides only limited diagnostic information. It cannot show the structural morphology of the intervertebral disc. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is helpful in detecting changes like disc displacement (bulge, protrusion, extrusion, sequestration), OPLL, zygapophyseal joint hypertrophy, buckling or hypertrophy of ligaments. Also MRI is helpful in differentiating central canal stenosis from lateral canal stenosis. Study population included all patients above 20 years of age with LBP with/without radiculopathy who were referred for lumbar spine MRI at Radiology Department, SRMCH from August 2011 to September 2013. All consented patients with LBP with/without radiculopathy referred for lumbar MRI were consecutively included in the study. A total of 280 individuals had lumbar MRI scan from August 2011 to September 2013, but only 250 whom fulfilled the study criterion were studied.
ABSTRACT
Echinococcosis has always been an endemic disease. It remains today a common surgical condition in many parts of the Kurnool district, carrying a significant morbidity and mortality. The development of real-time ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) with greater imaging versatility and diagnostic accuracy has resulted in a change. To know the precise location of the cysts, number, multiple organ involvement, complications like infection, cyst rupture, mass effect, etc., by ultrasound and CT. To measure the size and depth of the cysts in an organ thereby indicating their operability or otherwise monitor the response to medical treatment. A study of 30 patients with palpable abdominal masses, pulmonary cysts, renal cysts, etc. was undertaken. Data was collected based on clinical features, plain radiographic, ultrasonographic and computed tomographic findings. Thirty cases were studied and analyzed according to their anatomical distribution, age, sex distribution, multiplicity of lesions, multi organ involvement and sonographic appearance. With the aim of ultrasonographic and CT evaluation of hydatid disease, 30 cases studied and analysed. Eighteen cases were in males and twelve were in females. Hepatic hydatids comprised the largest group with 26 cases out of 30 cases with next largest pulmonary hydatid cysts. Multiplicity of cysts was noted in eight cases and multiple organ involvement was seen in seven cases. The preponderance of hepatic hydatid cysts is more in 3rd to 5th decades and in 2nd to 6th decades in cases of lung cysts. Right lobe of liver is more involved than the left one.