Physical fitness and health status and gender differences of middle school students among five Chinese minorities during 2010 to 2019 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To analyze physical fitness and health status and gender differences of middle school students among 5 minorities (Mongolian, Hui, Uyghur, Zhuang and Korean), and to provide the theoretical basis for the strategy formulation.@*Methods@#The present data came from 3 waves of Chinese National Survey on Students Constitution and Health (2010, 2014, and 2019). According to National Standards for Students Physical Health (2014 Revision), excellent, and excellent good physical fitness and health status were defined. Cochran Armitage test was used to examine the trends of physical fitness and health status. Chi square test and Logistic regression were used to analyze the difference of physical fitness and health status by sex and survey year.@*Results@#From 2010 to 2019, the excellent physical fitness and health status rate of Mongolian, Hui, Uyghur, Zhuang and Korean students increased from 1.8%, 0.7%, 0.3%, 0.5% and 1.3% to 4.3%, 2.8%, 1.2%, 1.3% and 3.5%, respectively. The excellent good physical fitness and health status rate of Mongolian, Hui, Uyghur and Zhuang students increased from 12.9%, 8.0%, 7.2 % and 8.4% to 24.7%, 20.1%, 12.6% and 19.8%( Z =6.15，6.71，4.12，3.06，5.26；11.88，13.42，6.70，11.08， P <0.05), respectively. In 2019, students aged 13 to 15 years showed higher proportion of excellent/excellent good physical fitness and health status than that of students aged 16 to 18. Boys were more likely to be in excellent/excellent good physical fitness and health status than girls from 2010 to 2019. The sex difference in excellent/excellent good physical fitness and health status narrowed during 2010 and 2019.@*Conclusion@#Physical fitness and health status of minority students improved while sex difference narrowed during last decade, but there is still a long way to reach the goal proposed by China. Targeted intervention should be proposed to promote physical fitness and health status in accordance with the developmental characteristics, especially for girls and students aged 16 to 18 years.

Epidemiological characteristics of public health emergencies of infectious diseases in schools of Beijing from 2010 to 2020 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of infectious diseases at schools in Beijing from 2010 to 2020, providing evidence for the prevention and control strategies in school infectious diseases.@*Methods@#Information on public health emergencies was collected from Public Health Emergency Reporting System (the subsystem of Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System) reported from 2010 to 2020.@*Results@#A total of 146 public health emergencies and 138 public health emergencies of infectious diseases in schools were reported in Beijing from 2010 to 2020, including 4 291 cases with the rate of 2.32% and affected or exposed 185 179 cases. There were significant difference in mean annual incidence rates( χ 2=782.46, P <0.01). There were 71 events of respiratory infectious diseases and 66 events of intestinal infectious diseases, accounting for 51.45% and 47.83%, respectively. The annual incidence peaks of public health emergencies of infectious diseases were during March-June and October-December. The events mainly occurred in kindergartens and primary schools among each stage of school periods with 51 and 46 incidences respectively, which accounted for 70.29% of the total number of public health emergencies in schools. The leading infectious diseases among all the reported events in kindergartens and primary schools were hand foot mouth disease and varicella. Varicella and other infectious diarrhoeal diseases were at the top lists of infectious disease outbreaks at the secondary and university stages.@*Conclusion@#Infectious diseases events were the major type of public health emergencies at schools in Beijing from 2010 to 2020. Respiratory infectious diseases and intestinal infectious diseases were the keys to the prevention and control of public health emergencies related to school. It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance for public health emergencies especially for symptom surveillance. The prevention and control measures should be taken according to the characteristics of different age groups. At the same time, the prevention and control of school infectious diseases and the drill of the plan during peak periods need to be particularly strengthened.

Association between exposure to artificial light at night and the occurrence of menarche in Han girls / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To analyze the association between the occurrence of menarche and the exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN) in female Han nationality girls aged 9-18 in China, so as to provide a reference for the research on the disturbance mechanism of ALAN on puberty, as well as provide a scientific evidence for controlling ALAN and making public sanitary policy.@*Methods@#A total of 74 483 Han girls aged 9-18 with complete records of menarche, height, and weight were included in the 2014 Chinese National Surveys on Students Constitution and Health. Pearson correlation was used to explore the correlation between the incidence of menarche and the exposure to artificial light at night in 11-year-old Han girls, and the third quantiles of the area covered by outdoor night lights (0.16, 0.60) and the third quantiles of the average night light intensity [0.97, 5.91 nw/(sr ·cm) 2] were used respectively to divide the study subjects into 3 groups, and the multifactor Logistic regression model was used to analyze the effect of artificial light at night exposure on menarche.@*Results@#In 2014, the median age of menarche of Chinese Han girls was 12.18 years old, and the incidence of menarche in the 11-year-old group was 26.31%. After controlling for body mass index, local population and the logarithmic values of per capita GDP, the incidence of menarche of 11-year-old Han girls was positively correlated with the local outdoor average night light coverage area ratio and the night average light intensity logarithmic adjustment value( r =0.29, 0.30, P <0.05).The higher the local outdoor night light coverage area ratio ( OR =1.28, 1.52) and the average night light intensity ( OR =1.47, 1.58), the higher the incidence of menarche in 11-year-old Han girls( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#There is a positive correlation between artificial light at night exposure and the menarche rate of 11-year-old Han girls. Research on artificial light at night exposure may provide scientific evidence on puberty onset and its effects on population health.

Development of policies for prevention and treatment of common diseases among school-age children and adolescents in China / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#The health of children and adolescents is not only related to the growth and wellbeing of individuals, but also to the construction and development of countries. This study reviewed policies that were issued by the central government since the founding of New China which focused on the prevention and treatment of common diseases among school-age children and adolescents. The results revealed that, since the founding of New China, policies for the prevention and control of common diseases among school-age children and adolescents increased in number, and they began to focus on specific rather than general health problems. A gradual emphasis was placed on the specific implementation of prevention and control measures, rather than on guiding principles. Increasingly more attention has been paid to the prevention and treatment of common diseases among school-age children and adolescents.

Development of core recommendations on physical activity for Chinese students aged 7-18 years based on Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To construct core information about physical activities of Chinese students aged 7-18 years, so as to provide a reference for impoving the level of adolescents physical activities.@*Methods@#Canadian 24 Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth was used as a framework, the preliminary core recommendations on physical activity for Chinese students aged 7-18 years were developed based on qualitative research. Recommendations covered three scales, including physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep. Physical activity included four subscales of frequency, intensity, duration and type, while sedentary behaviour and sleep only included one subscale. Three rounds of consultation were conducted using Delphi method. In the second round of consultation, the results of 2014 Chinese National Surveys on Students Constitution and Health were presented to experts for reference. In the third round of consultation, experts need to rank the importance of seven items of physical fitness under the physical activity type subscale by age group through analytic hierarchy process.@*Results@#Totally 25, 25, and 18 experts were consulted in three rounds respectively. The questionnaire response rates in 3 rounds were 100.0%, 100.0%, and 94.4%, respectively. The authority coefficients were 0.92, 0.93, and 0.91. The harmony coefficients were 0.63( χ 2=237.10, P <0.01), 0.63( χ 2= 242.60 , P <0.01), and 0.76( χ 2=97.05, P <0.01). It was recommended that students aged 7 to 18 years in China should do moderate to vigorous physical activity for a cumulative total of at least 60 minutes per day, and most of the 60 minutes or more per day should be either moderate or vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity. Of the daily physical activity, students should conduct vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity, muscle strengthening and bone strengthening physical activity on at least 3 days a week. At least 2 hours of daytime outdoor activity was recommended for primary school students and 1 hour for secondary school students. 7-12 year old students should do more physical activities that enhance flexibility, coordination and agility, while 13-18 year old students should do more physical activities that enhance strength, endurance and speed. Sedentary behaviour included one subscale, where students should reduce sedentary behaviour, break up long periods of sitting as often as possible, and limit recreational screen time and online study time. Sleep included one subscale of duration.Students should get sufficient and uninterrupted sleep per night.@*Conclusion@#The development of core recommendations on physical activity for Chinese students aged 7 to 18 might help improve physical activity levels and promote health of children and adolescents.

Short-term outcome of mitral valve replacement and atrial fibrillation ablation procedure for patients with mitral valve stenosis and atrial fibrillation / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective     To evaluate the short-term outcome and influence of atrial fibrillation ablation and mitral valve replacement for patients with mitral valve stenosis and atrial fibrillation. Methods     Retrospective analysis was conducted for 44 patients with rheumatic mitral valve stenosis and atrial fibrillation who experienced mitral valve replacement with or without surgical atrial fibrillation ablation procedure in our hospital from January 2016 to June 2017. Eighteen patients experienced mitral valve replacement and surgical atrial fibrillation ablation procedure (a group 1), and the other 26 patients experienced mitral valve replacement without surgical atrial fibrillation ablation procedure (a group 2). In th group 1, there were 4 males and 14 females, aged 43-67 (55.67±7.56) years, and in the group 2 there were 6 males and 20 females, aged 40-72 (54.81±8.81) years. The patients’ data, preoperative echocardiography, surgery procedures, perioperative events, echocardiography and electrocardiogram at postoperative three months were collected to evaluate the short-term outcome and influence of surgical atrial fibrillation ablation procedure for those patients. Results     There was no statistical difference in the operation duration (P=0.867) and ICU stay (P=0.550) between the two groups. But the group 1 had longer extracorporeal circulation duration (P=0.006) and aorta arrest duration (P=0.001) than the group 2. No patient died perioperatively and one patient from the group 1 experienced reoperation because of too much chest tube drainage. At three months after operation, echocardiography and electrocardiogram examination showed that 16 patients in the group 1 and 2 patients in the group 2 had sinus rhythm. There was no statistical difference between postoperative and preoperative examination about variation in left ventricle ejection fraction, pulmonary arterial systolic pressure, left atrial diameter and left ventricular end diastolic diameter between the two groups (all P>0.05). Conclusion     Atrial fibrillation ablation does not increase the risk of mitral valve replacement for patients who have mitral valve stenosis and atrial fibrillation. The rate of converting to sinus rhythm is high, but additional atrial fibrillation ablation procedure does not have positive or negative influence on short-term recovery of cardiac structure and function after operation.

The pedicled anterolateral thigh flap for penile reconstruction / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To introduce the application of pedicled anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap for total penile reconstruction and to investigate its feasibility and effect.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From May 2011 to May 2015, 12 male patients presented with absence of the penis or congenital malformation received phalloplasty with the pedicled ALT flap. Of them, the median age was 35 years old (range, 20-57 years). The size of the flaps ranged from 11 cm x 11 cm to 12 cm x 15 cm. 8 patients underwent urethra reconstruction with tube-in-tube flaps and other 4 patients with scrotal septal flaps. In this series, we performed one-stage urethral anastomosis in 4 cases and second-stage urethral anastomosis 6 months after the phalloplasty in 8 cases.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>An acceptable reconstructed phallus was achieved in 10 patients. These flaps were primarily healed with satisfactory functional and cosmetic results. The reconstructed penis was completely necrosis because of the flap failure in one case. The distal half of the phallus was lost due to infection in one case. Both of them were treated with pedicled ALT flap from the other side. Reliable results were achieved. At a median follow-up of 1.5 year (range 1 to 4 years), 9 patients (90%) were fully satisfied with phallic cosmesis and size, and 4 patients who was married had successful sexual intercourse. 8 patients had normal urinate function. Fistula was developed in 2 patients (20%) which was treated with delayed repair at 6-12 months with local scrotal flaps.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The pedicled ALT flap can be simply used to reconstruct an entire penis as well as a urethra. It has several advantages including a less conspicuous donor site, greater bulk, better color match and no necessary for microsurgery.</p>

Reconstruction of facial soft tissue defects with pedicled expanded flaps / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the application of pedicled expanded flaps for the reconstruction of facial soft tissue defects.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The expanded skin flaps, pedicled with orbicularis oculi muscle, submental artery, the branch of facial artery, superficial temporal artery, interior upper arm artery, had similar texture and color as facial soft tissue. The pedicled expanded flaps have repaired the facial soft tissue defects.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Between Jan. 2003 to Dec. 2013, 157 cases with facial soft tissue defects were reconstructed by pedicled expanded flaps. Epidermal necrosis happened at the distal end of 8 expanded flaps, pedicled with interior upper arm artery(4 cases), orbicularis oculi muscle(3 cases) and submental artery(1 case), which healed spontaneously after dressing. All the other flaps survived completely with similar color and inconspicuous scar. 112 cases were followed up for 8 months to 8 years. Satisfactory results were achieved in 75 cases. 37 cases with hypertrophic scar at incisions need secondary operation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Island pedicled expanded flap with similar texture and color as facial soft tissue is suitable for facial soft tissue defects. The facial extra-incision and large dog-ear deformity could be avoided.</p>

Clinical observation of erhuang powder's promoting the wound healing of cervical columnar epithelium ectopy after physiotherapy / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the clinical effects of Erhuang Powder (EHP) in promoting the wound healing of cervical columnar epithelium ectopy after physiotherapy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixty-four patients with moderate and severe cervical columnar epithelium ectopy accompanied with contact bleeding were assigned to the treatment group (34 cases) and the control group (30 cases) according to table of random digit. Physiotherapy of the cervix was given to all patients. EHP was externally applied to the affected site of patients in the treatment group once every 3 days. Five times consisted as one therapeutic course, totally for 2 courses. The therapeutic effects, the wound healing time, the vaginal fluid quantity, the vaginal fluid discharge time, the wound infection, and adverse reaction were observed in the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The healing rate of the treatment group was 85.29% (29/34), higher than that of the control group (50%, 15/30) after 8 weeks of treatment, showing statistical difference (P < 0.1). The average wound healing time of the treatment group (3.2 - 0.8 weeks) was shorter than that of the control group (5.3 +/- 0.9 weeks), showing statistical difference (P < 0.5). The vaginal fluid quantity and the vaginal fluid discharge time in the treatment group were superior to those in the control group, showing statistical difference (P < 0.5, P < 0.1). Increased vaginal secretion accompanied with foreign odor or infection occurred in 2 patients of the control group. No adverse reaction or infection occurred in the treatment group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Local application of EHP could promote the wound healing of cervical columnar epithelium ectopy after physiotherapy. It could improve its healing rate. Therefore, it was one ideal and reliable method, and worthy of clinical spreading.</p>

The factors affecting mandibular third molar angulation during orthodontic treatment / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective:To analyze the factors which affect mandibular third molar angulation changes during treatment of adult orthodontic patients.Methods:80 post-treatment adult patients including 154 mandibular third molars(M3) were selected.The gender,age,clinical classification and treatment methods of the patients were recorded.The pretreatment and post-treatment panoramic radiographs were analyzed.The angulation and the eruption space of mandibular M3 were measured.The root development stages of the mandibular M3 before treatment were evaluated.The factors affecting mandiular M3 angulation changes were analysed by covariance analysis.Results:The results of multi-factors analysis illustrated that the sagittal skeletal classifications,the root development stages of the pre-treatment mandibular M3,the pre-treatment mandibular M3 angulations,the width/space ratios before and after treatment affected the mandibular M3 angulation changes during the orthodontic treatment.Mandibular M3 showed more improvement in angulation in groups of Class I sagittal skeletal classification,the root development stages of the pre-treatment mandibular M3 where the root was fully formed but the foramen apices wasn't closed or the stages where the root less 1/3 was formed,the pre-treatment mandibular M3 angulations 60?,and the more M3 space before and after treatment,the more improvement in M3 angulation.Conclusion:In adult orthodontic patients,the mandibular M3 angulation changes during the treatment can be influenced by many factors,but orthodontic treatment is not the direct factor.