ABSTRACT
The endodontist should have a detailed and thorough knowledge of root canal anatomy to effectively perform endodontic treatment, negligence to which might lead to endodontic failures. Maxillary first molars show considerable variation in root canal anatomy with respect to number of roots and number of canals. Literature states that canal variations can reach up to 33% in maxillary first molars. There is an overall low prevalence (<2%) of anatomic variations in the palatal canal of maxillary molars among different populations. This case report deals with one such palatal canal variations in maxillary first molar with 4 canals: 2 separate palatal canals, mesiobuccal and distobuccal canal and its management.. Clinician awareness on careful assessment of extra palatal canal in maxillary molar teeth using conventional radiograph has been reinforced in this case report to achieve long term success in endodontic treatment.
ABSTRACT
Aim: The aim of this study was to comparatively assess the gelatinolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs) and Cysteine Cathepsins (CCs) in the adhesive interface using etch and rinse adhesive at different time intervals using zymographic technique. Methodology: Twenty freshly extracted non-carious human third molars were used in this study. Occlusal surfaces were ground flat and 1mm thick horizontal dentin slabs were obtained from each tooth using a diamond disc. The dentin surface was polished with 600-grit silicon-carbide paper. Five out of 20 samples were directly pulverized. In the remaining fifteen samples, the dentin was etched and adhesive was applied and light cured according to the manufacturer’s instructions. A 1mm thick flowable composite was build up and light cured. Bonded specimens were cut vertically into 3 to 4 dentin slabs by means of diamond disc to expose the adhesive/ dentin interfaces. These were then ground down to 500 μm thick resin-dentin interface using a hard tissue microtome. These sections were then pulverised into powder. Following this, every five samples were subjected to zymographic analysis after 1 day, 7 days and 21 days. Results: Zymograms showed clear, thicker bands on all three isoforms in the etched samples compared to control samples at 1st and 7th day intervals and became inactive at 21st day for all three isoforms. MMP 9 activity was relatively higher when compared to CCs and MMP 2. Conclusion: Etch and rinse adhesive activated MMPs and CCs within the hybrid layer that remained active till 7th day and no gelatinolytic activity was found on 21st day and MMPs are more active compared to CCs and MMP-2.