ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy (CCC) is the most prevalent type of myocarditis and the main clinical form of the Chagas disease, which has peculiarities such as focal inflammation, structural derangement, hypertrophy, dilation, and intense reparative fibrosis. Many cellular compounds contribute to CCC development. Galectin-3 is a partaker in inflammation and contributes to myocardial fibrosis formation. Some studies showed the connection between Galectin-3 and fibrosis in Chagas disease but are still inconclusive on the guidance for the early implementation of pharmacological therapy. This systematic review evaluated Galectin-3 as a biomarker for fibrosis intensity in CCC. Two independent reviewers have searched five databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Lilacs), using the following search terms: galectin-3, biomarkers, fibrosis, Chagas cardiomyopathy, and Chagas disease. Overall, seven studies met the inclusion criteria and made up this review. There were four trials conducted through animal model experiments and three trials with humans. Experimental data in mice indicate an association between Galectin-3 expression and fibrosis in CCC (75% of studies). Data from human studies showed no direct connection between myocardial fibrosis and Galectin-3 expression (80% of studies). Thus, human findings do not provide significant evidence indicating that Galectin-3 is related to fibrosis formation in Chagas disease. Based on the analyzed studies, it is suggested that Galectin-3 might not be a good fibrosis marker in CCC.
ABSTRACT
A cardiomiopatia chagásica crônica (CCC) é responsável pela maior morbidade e pelo pior prognóstico da doença de Chagas, além de ser a mais fibrosante das cardiopatias. Na doença de Chagas, predizer quais fatores se correlacionam com progressão da doença, morbidade e mortalidade constitui um desafio. Existe a necessidade de dispor de biomarcadores de risco simples, quantitativos e econômicos, que agreguem valor adicional aos métodos convencionais, auxiliando no diagnóstico e prognóstico de pacientes com CCC. Objetivos: Neste estudo, avaliamos os biomarcadores séricos galectina-3 (Gal-3), metaloproteinases (MMP-9 e MMP-2) e seus respectivos inibidores (TIMP-1 e TIMP-2), peptídeos C-terminal do colágeno (PICP e CTXI) e correlacionamos esses biomarcadores com o remodelamento cardíaco e com a fibrose miocárdica na CCC5, através de variáveis ecocardiográficas (VEd, FEVE e relação E/e'). Métodos: Amostras de sangue de pacientes chagásicos nas formas indeterminada (FCI) e cardiomiopatia chagásica grau 5 (CCC5) e de indivíduos não infectados (NI) pelo T. cruzi foram utilizadas. A dosagem dos marcadores foi realizada pela técnica Luminex™ Xmap e por ELISA usando o kit Quantibody®. Para as análises de correlações foi utilizado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r) onde foi medido o grau da correlação linear entre duas variáveis quantitativas. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram maior concentração de MMP-9 entre FCI (p<0,001) e CCC (p<0,05) comparado a NI. Para TIMP-1, verificou-se maior concentração em FCI (p<0,05) e CCC (p<0,05) comparados a NI. Constatou-se maior concentração de MMP- 2 confrontando CCC com FCI (p<0,01). Igualmente, houve maior concentração de TIMP-2 em relação a CCC com FCI (p<0,001). Não foi observada diferença estatística quanto à concentração de PICP e CTXI. E quanto à Gal-3, houve maior concentração em CCC5 (n=50) confrontados com FCI (n=61) (p<0,001). Os dados também demostraram uma correlação positiva entre MMP-2 e TIMP-2 (r=0,7283 e p<0,0001) no grupo CCC5 , uma correlação inversamente proporcional entre Gal-3 e FEVE (r=- 0,5961 e p <0,01) e correlação diretamente proporcional em pacientes com CCC5 (r=0,6656 e p < 0,01). Conclusão: Deste modo, nosso estudo concluiu que entre as moléculas avaliadas, a Gal-3 é um potencial marcador de remodelamento cardíaco e fibrose miocárdica na CCC5.
Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) is responsible for the highest morbidity and the worst prognosis for Chagas disease, in addition to being the most fibrous of heart diseases. In Chagas' disease, predicting which factors correlate with disease progression, morbidity and mortality is a challenge. There is a need to have simple, quantitative and economic risk biomarkers, which add additional value to conventional methods, assisting in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with CCC. Objectives: In this study, we evaluated serum biomarkers - galectin-3 (Gal-3), metalloproteinases (MMP-9 and MMP-2) and their respective inhibitors (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2), C-terminal collagen peptides (PICP and CTXI) and correlated these biomarkers with cardiac remodeling and myocardial fibrosis in CCC 5, through echocardiographic variables (VEd, LVEF and E / e 'ratio). Methods: Blood samples from chagasic patients in the indeterminate form (FCI) and grade 5 chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC5) and from individuals not infected (NI) by T. cruzi were used. The dosage of the markers was performed by the Luminex ™ Xmap technique and by ELISA using the Quantibody® kit. For correlation analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) was used where the degree of linear correlation between two quantitative variables was measured. Results: The results showed a higher concentration of MMP-9 between FCI (p <0.001) and CCC5 (p <0.05) compared to NI. For TIMP-1, there was a higher concentration in FCI (p <0.05) and CCC5 (p <0.05) compared to NI. A higher concentration of MMP-2 was found confronting CCC with FCI (p <0.01). Likewise, there was a higher concentration of TIMP-2 in relation to CCC5 with FCI (p <0.001). There was no statistical difference regarding the concentration of PICP and CTXI. As for Gal-3, there was a higher concentration in CCC (n = 50) compared to FCI (n = 61) (p <0.001). The data also demonstrated a positive correlation between MMP-2 and TIMP-2 (r = 0.7283 and p <0.0001) in the CCC5 group, an inversely proportional correlation between Gal-3 and LVEF (r = -0.5961 and p < 0.01) and directly proportional correlation in patients with CCC5 (r = 0.6656 and p <0.01). Conclusion: Thus, our study concluded that among the evaluated molecules, Gal-3 is a potential marker of cardiac remodeling and myocardial fibrosis in CCC 5.