ABSTRACT
Introduction: Craniofacial growth of the skeleton and soft tissue influences the final configuration of occlusion and overall facial esthetics. Materials and Methods: Two hundred samples were taken from Himachali ethnic population with age ranging from 18 to 28 years. The records will then be scaled to life size and landmarks will be located on the digitized image to obtain all linear and angular measurements. Results: The parameters were analyzed using SPSS Statistics Software version 11.5. Student’s t‑test was conducted for comparison between male and female subjects. The reproducibility of the measurements was analyzed using Dahlberg’s (1940) formula. To determine the difference between two measurements, made at least 2 months apart, 25 randomly selected records were redigitized. Conclusion: Himachali males and females show considerable sexual dimorphism with less prominent nose, less protrusive lower lip, and more chin height in males whereas females had more convex profile, less protrusive upper lip, and more tipped nose.
ABSTRACT
Background & objectives: Drug-induced diseases (DIDs) are well known but least studied. data on DIDs from India are not available. Hence, this retrospective cross-sectional study was undertaken using suspected adverse drug reaction (ADR) data collected form Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI) to evaluate profile of DIDs over two years, in a tertiary care teaching hospital from north India. Methods: the suspected ADRs in the form of DID were evaluated for drug and disease related variables and were classified in terms of causality. Results: DID rate was 38.80 per cent. Mean duration of developing DIDs was 26.05 ± 9.6 days; 25.16 per cent had more than one co-morbid condition. Geriatric population (53.99%) accounted for maximum DIDs followed by adult (37.79%) and paediatric (8.21%). Maximum events were probable (93.98%) followed by possible (6.04%). All DIDs required intervention. Gastritis (7.43%), diarrhoea (5.92%), anaemia (4.79%), hypotension (2.77%), hepatic dysfunction (2.69%), hypertension (1.51%), myalgia (1.05%), and renal dysfunction (1.01%) were some of the DIDs. Anti tubercular treatment (ATT ), anti retroviral treatment (ART), ceftriaxone injection, steroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antimicrobials and anticancer drugs were found as commonly offending drugs. Interpretation & conclusions: Our findings show that DIDs are a significant health problem in our country, which need more attention.
ABSTRACT
The current observational cross-sectional study was undertaken using suspected adverse drug data collection form available under (PvPI) to evaluate comparative ADR profile of DFZ Vs CCS for 3 years in spontaneous reporting system of ADRs in current PvPI. Total number of ADR reports during the study period was 3024, out of which ADRs reports due to CS were 112 accounting for a rate of 3.70%. The rate of total ADR events with CS was 4.11%. Geriatric, urban and female population predominated in contributing ADRs with both CCS and DFZ in the study. Self medication of CCS and DFZ contributed 10.95% and 7.69% of total ADRs. Oral route contributed maximal ADRs. Irrational drug prescription contributed substantially. Maximum ADRs due to CCS and DFZ were moderate, latent, non-serious, type A and were probable followed by possible in nature as per WHO UMC scale. Gastritis, new onset hypertension/ loss of hypertensive control, loss of diabetic control, obesity/overweight, dyslipedemia were common ADRs. Thus, ADRs due to CS is a substantial health problem. ADR profile did not vary although DFZ recorded less ADRs.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a highly filled light‑cured sealant (HFLCS) on the shear bond strength of metal, ceramic and titanium brackets bonded with resin‑modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC). Materials and Methods: A total of 60 freshly extracted maxillary premolars were randomly divided into six groups (10 in each group). In all groups, the teeth were etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 20 s and RMGIC (Fuji Ortho LC, GC Europe) was used for bracket bonding. Group 1: Titanium brackets were bonded directly to etched enamel surfaces. Group 2: Titanium brackets were bonded to etched enamel surfaces covered with HFLCS (Pro Seal, Reliance Orthodontic Products, Itasca, IL, USA). Group 3: Metal brackets were bonded directly to etched enamel surfaces. Group 4: Metal brackets were bonded to etched enamel surfaces covered with HFLCS. Group 5: Ceramic brackets were bonded directly to etched enamel surfaces. Group 6: Ceramic brackets were bonded to etched enamel surfaces covered with HFLCS. The specimens were tested in shear mode with a universal testing machine. After debonding, the teeth and the brackets were examined under a scanning electron microscope. Univariate analysis of variance (analysis) was performed to test the main effects of bracket type and HFLCS. Result and Conclusion: The effect of HFLCS on etched enamel surfaces did not affect the bond strength values and bond failure modes of metal, ceramic and Titanium brackets bonded with RMGIC