ABSTRACT
The protection of the liver as an essential organ in the body against oxidative stress and deleterious compounds has been the subject of recent investigations. Among different compounds, medicinal plants play an important role due to their hepatoprotective effects. Taraxacum officinale or "common dandelion" is a popular plant that has been traditionally used for its hepatoprotective effects. Currently, there are limited clinical studies on its hepatoprotective effects. The aim of this review article is to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of dandelion and its mechanism of action. We reviewed literature up to July 2019 on "Taraxacum officinale" or "dandelion"and hepatoprotection. Currently available pharmacological studies indicate that dandelion extracts have hepatoprotective effects against chemical agents due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The anti-inflammatory effects of dandelion, the prebiotic effects of its oligofructans, inhibitory effects against the release of lipopolysaccharides and fasting induced adipose factor, digestive enzymes, and enhancing effects of lipogenesis, reduce lipid accumulation and liver inflammation, which directly or indirectly improve the liver functions. Given emerging evidence on hepatoprotective effects of dandelion, designing large human clinical studies is essential.
ABSTRACT
Candida sp. especially C. albicans is the main cause of candidiasis in women in reproductive ages. The prevalence of drug resistant C. albicans along with adverse effects of current treatments have encouraged the scientists to research on medicinal plant's essential oils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of Ziziphora tenuior, Lavandula angustifolia, Cuminum cyminum essential oils against clinical isolates of C. albicans, which were isolated from women with vulvovaginal candidiasis. The anti-candidal effects of these commercial essential oils were screened against these clinical isolates (n=80) by disc diffusion and micro-broth dilution assays. The means of inhibition zone diameters, MIC and MFCs were reported for each essential oil. Also, the capability of fungal strain for biofilm formation in comparison with C. albicans ATCC 10231 were determined. The anti-biofilm effects of essential oils against 11 biofilm producing strains of C. albicans were determined. The results showed C. cyminum and Z. tenuior essential oils had the best anti-candidal effects, while the best biofilm killing effects was for L. angustifolia essential oil. C. cyminum and Z. tenuior essential oils can be formulated for more evaluations in preclinical and clinical studies.
Candida sp., especialmente C. albicans, es la principal causa de candidiasis en mujeres en edad reproductiva. La aparición de resistencia a los antifungicos de C. albicans, junto con el riesgo de efectos adversos de los tratamientos actuales, ha llevado a los científicos a buscar alternativas en los aceites esenciales derivados de plantas. Los objetivos del estudio fueron evaluar los efectos potenciales de los aceites esenciales de Ziziphora tenuior, Lavandula angustifolia, Cuminum cyminum, contra aislados clínicos de C. albicans, obtenidos de mujeres con candidiasis vulvovaginal. Los efectos anti-Candida de estos aceites esenciales comerciales fueron probados contra estos aislados clínicos (n=80) por difusión en disco y ensayos de microdilución. Se obtuvo el promedio de diámetro de inhibición, MIC y MFCs para cada aceite esencial. También se comparó la capacidad de formación de biopelículas de 11 cepas de C. albicans de cada aislado frente a la cepa de referencia C. albicans ATCC 10231 y la capacidad de cada aceite esencial para evitar la formación de biopelículas. Los resultados muestran que los aceites esenciales de C. cyminum y Z. tenuior tuvieron la mejor actividad anti-Candida, mientras que los mejores efectos para destruir biopelículas se obtuvieron con los aceites esenciales de L. angustifolia. Los aceites esenciales de C. cyminum y Z. tenuior ameritan tener mayores evaluaciones preclínicas y clínicas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Candida albicans , Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal , Oils, Volatile , Biofilms , Cuminum , LavandulaABSTRACT
Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad is known as antiseptic and analgesic agent in folk medicine. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the anti-candidal activity of S. khuzistanica aerial parts essential oil against clinical isolates of Candida albicans, which were isolated from women with chronic recurrent candidiasis. For this purpose, the chemical composition of hydro-distilled essential oil was determined by GC and GC-MS analysis. Then, the anti-candidal activity of essential oil and its main component (carvacrol) were determined. Carvacrol (94.1%) was the main component of essential oil, followed by β-bisabolene, p-cymene and γ-terpinene. S. khuzistanica essential oil had strong anti-candidal activity against clinical isolates of C. albicans via inhibition of germ tube formation and induction the huge punctures in the cytoplasmic structures. The cell membranes were intact in presence of essential oil or carvacrol. S. khuzistanica essential oil as the main source of carvacrol can be used for treatment of C. albicans related infections.
Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad es conocido como analgésico y antiséptico en la medicina tradicional. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto anti- Candida de los aceites esenciales obtenidos de las partes aéreas de S. khuzistanica sobre aislados clínicos de Candida albicans, obtenidos de mujeres con candida diasis crónica recurrente. Para este propósito la composición química de aceites esenciales hidrodestilados fueron determinados por análisis GC y GC-MS. Luego la actividad anti-candidasica de los aceites esenciales y de su componente principal (carvacrol) fue determiando. Carvacrol (94.1%) fue el principal compuesto del aceite esencial seguido por β-bisaboleno, p-cimeno and γ-terpineno. El aceite esencial de S. khuzistanica tuvo fuerte actividad anti-candida contra aislados clínicos de C. albicans via la inhibicion de tubo germinal y la inducción de estructuras puntiformes en la membrana citoplásmatica. Las membranas celulares quedaron intactas en presencia del aceite esencial o del carvacrol. El aceite esencial de S. khuzistanica como fuente principal de carvacrol podría ser usado como tratamiento de infecciones relacionadas con Candida albicans.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Candida albicans , Oils, Volatile , Satureja , Azoles , Infections , Medicine, Traditional , MycosesABSTRACT
Alzheimer disease (AD) as worldwide progressive neurodegenerative disease is prevalent disease among elderly population. Due to limitation in chemical drugs along with their adverse effects of these treatments, research for finding more effective natural drugs, is one of interesting subjects among the scientists. Melissa officinalis (M. officinalis) has a long history of use in treatment of nervous system diseases. This review article evaluates the potency of M. officinalis in treatment of AD by review of experimental and clinical documents on the efficacy, safety and its mechanisms of action in management of AD. The information is extracted from electronic resources (PubMed, Wiley, Springer and Science Direct), English and Persian scientific books. In spite of different scientific and non-scientific reports on the use of M. officinalis and its main component of rosmarinic acid in neurodegenerative diseases, there is only one clinical trial on the efficacy of M. officinalis ethanol extract in management of AD. Different mechanisms of action for M. officinalis, including inhibitory effects against amyloid beta, reactive oxygen species, and acetylcholine esterase, are involved. Larger clinical trials are recommended to confirm the efficacy and safety of M. officinalis extracts in treatment of AD patients.
ABSTRACT
Vaginitis as female infectious disease is accompanied with some clinical symptoms such as vaginal abnormal discharges, itching, burning and many other unpleasant signs in patients. The responsible microorganisms in vaginitis are belonged to different kind of microorganisms including bacteria (Gardenella vaginitis), yeast (Candida albicans) and protozoa (Trichomonas vaginalis). The current treatments of these infections are chemical oral and vaginal drugs with many adverse effects for patients. Furthermore, appearance of resistant microorganisms to these drugs has intensified the treatment's problem. The aim of this review article was to evaluate the potency of "Zataria multiflora" essential oil in treatment of women's vaginitis. For preparing this manuscript, the information was extracted from different electronic and published resources. Investigation in different resources showed there were 6 clinical trials that evaluate it as suitable treatment for vaginitis. 5 clinical studies have been focused on 0.1% Z. multiflora essential oils in treatment of bacterial vaginosis (n=1), candidiasis (n=1) and trichomoniasis (n=1). Two clinical studies were related to treatments of bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis and mixed infection. There is one clinical study for treatment of candidiasis by 1% Z. multiflora methanol extract. Z. multiflora was formulated in cream form and applied for 5-7 continuous days. The results of clinical trials showed that Z. multiflora essential oil (0.1%) can be used as safe and efficient alternative treatment for treatment of bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis and to a lesser extent for trichomoniasis.
La vaginitis es una enfermedad infecciosa femenina acompañada de algunos síntomas como flujo vaginal, prurito, sensación de ardor y otros síntomas de incomodidad para las pacientes. Los microorganismos responsables de vaginitis son variados e incluyen bacterias (Gardenella vaginitis), hongos (Candida albicans) y protozoos (Trichomonas vaginalis). Los tratamientos utilizados actualmente son medicamentos de uso oral o vaginal con potenciales efectos adversos. Adicionalmente se encuentran organismos resistentes a estos tratamientos, lo que ha llevado a la búsqueda de nuevas alternativas. El propósito de esta revisión sistemática fue evaluar la potencia del aceite esencia de "Zataria multiflora" para el tratamientos de la vaginitis. Se realizó una búsqueda en recursos bibliográficos y bases de datos electrónicos. Se encontraron seis ensayos clínicos que evaluaron este aceite para el tratamiento de la vaginitis. En 5 estudios clínicos se utilizó aceite esencial al 0.1% de Z. multiflora para el tratamiento de vaginosis bacteriana (n=1), candidiasis (n=1) y tricomoniasis (n=1) y en tres estudios se usó para tratamiento tanto de infecciones bacterianas, tricomoniasisi o mixtas. Se encontró un estudio para tratamiento de la candidiasis con extracto en metanol 1% de Z. multiflora. Se hizo formulación de Z. multiflora en crema tópica y aplicada por 5-7 días continuos. Los resultados mostraron que el aceite esencial de Z. multiflora (0.1%) puede ser usado de manera segura y eficiente como alternativa en vaginosis bacteriana, candidiasis y en menor grado para tricomoniasis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Bacterial Infections , Candida albicans , Oils, Volatile , Vaginosis, Bacterial , Calendula , Pruritus , Bacteria , Trichomonas vaginalis , Vaginitis , Yeasts , Candidiasis , Communicable Diseases , FungiABSTRACT
Objectives: Candida albicans as important opportunistic dimorphic fungi can cause the life threatening infections in humans. In this study, we evaluated the anticandidal activities of six samples of Pelargonium graveolens essential oils against 31 clinical isolates of C.albicans. Materials and methods: The anti-candidal activity was performed by disc diffusion and micro-broth dilution assays. The chemical compositions of essential oils were analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) apparatus. Results: P. graveolens essential oil samples with citronellol (7.7-43.7%) and geraniol (19.3-48.5%) showed the same anti-candidal activity in two different methods. There is no significant difference between the inhibition zone diameters (19.3-24.1 mm), and the MIC and MFC values (1.06-1.48 and 1.5-1.72 µl/ml) of essential oil samples with different percent of citronellol and geraniol. Conclusion: Therefore, P.graveolens essential oils can be used as anti-candidal agent for further studies.
Objetivos: Candida albicans es un importante hongo dimórfico oportunista que puede llegar a amenazar la vida de pacientes con inmunosupresión. En este estudio se evaluaron las actividades anti-Candida de seis muestras de aceites esenciales de Pelargonium graveolens contra 31 aislamientos clínicos de C. albicans. Materiales y métodos: La actividad anti-Candida se realizó por difusión en disco y ensayos de dilución micro-caldo. La composición química de los aceites esenciales se analizó mediante cromatografía de gases. Resultados: Las muestras de aceite esencial de P. graveolens con citronelol (7,7 a 43,7%) y geraniol (19,3 a 48,5%) mostraron la actividad anti-Candida en dos métodos diferentes. No hubo ninguna diferencia significativa entre los diámetros de la zona de inhibición (19,3-24,1 mm), y valores de MFC (1,06 a 1,48 y de 1,5 a 1,72 l / ml) de muestras de aceites esenciales con diferentes porcentajes de citronelol y geraniol. Conclusión: Los aceites esenciales de P.graveolens se pueden utilizar como agentes anti-Candida para estudios adicionales.
Subject(s)
Humans , Candida albicans , Oils, Volatile , Pelargonium , Patient Isolation , Plants , Immunosuppression Therapy/nursing , Geranium , Cymbopogon , FungiABSTRACT
Objetivo: Echinophora platyloba se utiliza tradicionalmente como agente antimicrobiano con el fin de preservar los productos caseros de deterioro. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la composición química del aceite esencial, actividad antimicrobiana y antioxidante del aceite esencial de E. platyloba de la provincia de Shahr-e-Kord. Materiales y métodos: la composición química del aceite esencial de E. platyloba mediante técnicas de GC-MS y GC y evaluar su efecto antibacteriano frente a Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica y Helicobacter pylori por ensayos de difusión en disco y de micro dilución en caldo. La actividad antioxidante del aceite esencial de E. platyloba se evaluó por los radicales ABST. β-ocimeno y α-cariofileno eran los componentes principales del aceite esencial de E. platyloba. El aceite esencial mostró la actividad antibacteriana prometido contra S. aureus, seguido de S. enterica y H. pylori. El aceite esencial presenta actividad antioxidante del aceite esencial mostró la IC50 de 0. 32 mg/ml que fue mayor que la IC50 de ácido ascórbico (0.20 mg/ml). En conclusión : Aceite esencial de E. platyloba ha se recomienda ß-ocimeno y quimiotipo α-cariofileno y su uso como agentes antioxidantes y antibacterianas como sus usos tradicionales.
Objective: Echinophora platyloba is traditionally used as antimicrobial agent in order to preserve the home-made products from deterioration. The aim of this study was to evaluate chemical composition of essential oil, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of E. platyloba essential oil from Shahr-E-Kord city, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. Materials and methods: chemical composition of E. platyloba essential oil by GC and GC-MS techniques and evaluate its antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica and Helicobacter pylori by disc diffusion and micro broth dilution assays. The antioxidant activity of E. platyloba essential oil was evaluated by ABST radicals. β-ocimene and α-caryophyllene were the main components of E. platyloba essential oil. The essential oil showed the promised antibacterial activity against S. aureus, followed by S. enterica and H. pylori. The antioxidant activity evaluation of essential oil showed the IC50 of 0.32 mg/ml that was higher than the IC50 of ascorbic acid (0.20 mg/ml). In conclusion , E. platyloba essential oil has β-ocimene and α-caryophyllene chemotype and its use as antioxidant and antibacterial agents is recommended as its traditional uses.