Gender differences in motivation

The present study investigated gender differences with reference to achievement, affiliation and power motives as they are depicted on media. For this purpose one hundred and two Urdu drama serials telecast by five Pakistan television channels were randomly selected. The method of content analysis was used for identifying relevant motive imageries by using the criteria developed by McClelland and Steele [1972]. It was hypothesized that male characters will be depicted in achievement and power related motives more than the female characters and female characters will be presented in affiliation motive than the male characters. Chi square was computed to determine differences in these motives as reflected in their sentences. Male characters were found to be high on these three motives than the female characters, thus approving the hypotheses for achievement and power motives but not for affiliation motive

Diagnostic markers for identification of schizophrenia and brain damaged individuals on Bender Gestalt test

The objective of the present study is to explore the diagnostic markers on Bender Gestalt Test for the identification of schizophrenia and brain damaged patients. The study explores specific deviation patterns on Bender Gestalt Test protocols of 30, schizophrenic and 30 brain damaged males with age ranges 20-60 years. The sample selected from different hospitals of Lahore. The Bender Gestalt Test was administered and scored through Pascal and Suttell [1951] system. However recorded deviations were scored according to Hutt [1969, 1977] and Bender [1938]. 34 deviation patterns were recorded and studied. With the help oft test difference among schizophrenic and brain damaged patients were explored for the 34 deviations. Results reflects significant difference between groups on 13 deviation patterns with higher mean associated with brain damaged individuals, while on 6 deviation patterns with higher mean associated with schizophrenic individuals. For remaining 15 patterns difference remains not significant

Fallacy about male-to female gender dysphorics in Pakistan

A research was conducted on Male-to Female Gender Dysphorics [Hijras] having their inborn gender as that of a female and their categorization as such. It had three major perspectives; the first was to define, identify and label different types of Hijras, which usually come under one heading. The second was the categorization of the similarities and the differences among each type of male-to-female gender dysphorics and thirdly to investigate whether male-to-female gender dysphorics fall into any single category as represented by their personal, social or sexual identities. It was found that in Pakistan, unlike elsewhere in the world, very little work had been done on Hijras. It was also noticed that religion largely influences the identity and controls the unacceptable behavior of Hijras [gender dysphorics]. The hypotheses of the research have been confirmed thus giving us the results: the word Hijra was used by people in Pakistan in different meanings, the factors like certain family, social and cultural behaviors, the unfavorable family environments and the economic status and education of the parents enhance the femininity and shape the controlled and expressed behavior of these Hijras. The study also affirmed different discrepancies of Hijras. This research will have positive implications on the studies like further investigation of the types of the gender dysphorics in Pakistan. This will also be a base for understanding the cognitive issues of gender dysphorics, their various dimensions and the impact of religion on their social life that has never been investigated before. All this will lead to the much-needed awareness about the gender dysphorics in Pakistan

Emotional indicators of aggression in human figure drawing of Afghan refugee children

The main aim of the investigation was to explore emotional indicators of aggression in Afghan refugee children in refugee camps. The study was conducted in 150 school going children, seventy five males and seventy five females, age ranges from 5 to 13 years with a mean age of 9 years. The emotional indicators for aggression contained 24 items on Human figure Drawing test [Gilbert, 1980]. The findings reflect the frequency of occurrence of specific indicators related to aggression among refugee children, further differences between males and females were also observed. Chi square analyses for the frequently occurring indicators in males and females, were significant only for emotional indicators of "Pressure" and "Claw fingers"