exploratory study to develop a practical ethical framework for reproductive health research

Background: research in reproductive health [RH] has been located in the core of women's health research. Providing accurate information through conducting scientific and controlled research is essential, but increased number of research in the world especially in developing countries in RH area in order to introduce advanced technologies has been resulted in much unethical, illegal and abusive research on women, which needs particular attention to ethical issues by the practitioners who are involved in RH research

Objective: this study was conducted to develop a practical ethical framework for RH research

Materials and Methods: 45 expert academics and clinicians in various disciplines included in a three rounds Delphi study through purposeful sampling method. In round 1 Delphi data were gathered using open-ended questions by e-mail and answers were analyzed by conventional content analysis and the findings merged and validated with the results of a thorough literature review. Face and content validity index were determined in round 2 Delphi and consensuses were attained in round 3

Results: emerged categories were 1] management of the research process 2] protection of participants' rights 3] third party consent 4] gender sensitive research and 5] conflict of interest

Conclusion: this study has provided a practical ethical framework according to the socio-cultural context of Iran for all practitioners who are involved in research on women. Adherence to this framework may protect practitioners against unethical and illegal lawsuits and help them to respect their clients' reproductive rights

In quest of wisdom; missing segment of current medicine

Search for the cup of Jamshid from me, years my heart made. And for what it possessed, from a stranger, entreaty made. A jewel that is beyond the shell of existence and of time, From those lost on the shore of the sea, search it made. Last night, I took my difficulty to the Pir of the Magians. Who, by strengthening of sight, the solving of sublety made. Him, happy, laughing, wine-goblet in hand, I saw: And in the mirror, a hundred kinds of views he made. I said: 'When gave the All-wise this cup world-viewing to thee?" He said: 'On that day, when the azure dome He made." Unknowingly, He was with me everywhere. I couldn't see and my soul seekest Him, made. His magic that He all made here, Sameri had the cane but the white hands of Moses, seekest made. He said: "That friend, by whom lofty became the head of the gibbet. "His crime was this that clear, the mysteries of the sky, hemade." If, again, the bounty of the Holy Spirit gives aid, others also may make those, which the Jesus made. I said to him: "the chain-like tress of idols is for the sake of what'?" He said: "Of his own distraught heart. Hafez complaint made"

Comparative study of embryo donation from viewpoint Of medical ethics and medical law

The knowledge of people about new methods of Infertilitys treatment increase by birth of first child born from invitro fertilization method in 1978. Use of these methods brings hope for many couples that think they never can have a baby. Some of these methods are egg donation, sperm donation and embryo donation that have been introduced as "surrogate pregnancy" and one of the best method of Infertility s treatment. "principles of surrogate pregnancy" and its stipulation is mentioned in relevant statutes and executive regulations, but the important issues are the certainty of healthiness of donor and donee and conformity of outwards, bloody, social, cultural and religious features and patterns. First thing in this matter is awareness of couples about the condition of the gamete and Embryo donation so that the possible risks, percentage of success, relevant costs, subsequent legal and jurisprudential Issues, secrecy of the donor and donee's identity and healthiness of gamete and embryo can be evaluated. These new methods along with the therapeutic aspects have complex ethical and legal aspects that need to be gazed and regarded in the respect of religious, social and cultural conditions of each country

Civil reponsibility due to reconstructive and plastic surgery

The tendency to beauty is an intrinsic and natural desire of human-being who is always after it. According to the history, beauty surgery existed in Alexandria and old Rome. And plastic surgery in Iran has a record of more than 5 decades. Considering the developments and expansions made in the meaning of Disease, the psychiatrists and knowledgeable people started to declare the mental disorder resulting from person's physical defects as a kind of disease and to declare the beauty surgical operations aimed at keeping mental balance and improvement as the way for treatment of this disease. Main doubts regarding the legality of beauty surgeries were removed by considering the treatment aims of these kinds of surgeries and also the contemporary theories in authorization of surgeries aimed at beautifications, so that beauty surgeries now are considered legal and lawful and according to the note 2 of article 59 of Islamic penal code the conditions of the said article must be observed for removing the responsibility of beauty surgery

Studying innovation piracy causes for representing legal and executive solutions

This article has two main sections. In the first section, we define intellectual property and represent brief history of this matter in Iran and the world. In the second section that is the essential section of this article, the causes and factors of infringement of intellectual property rights in Iran have been discussed. The reasons of infringement divided into six main causes and under each cause the subsidiary factors that stem from it was discussed. In this section we discussed following main topics: The lack of a culture valuing the intellectual property in society, non dominance of research-based culture, governmental and political reasons, the lack of proper provisions and weakness of judiciary system, the lack of comprehensive system of research information, the lack of protective institutions and private collective management and religious and jurisprudential context and finally economic reasons

HIV transmission by Sexual intercourse and blood transfusion regarding to civil effects and criminal law

This article, first represents statistics of AIDS in Iran and the world, then studies the feature of AIDS disease, the factors of infection and the ways of its transmission. In this article we regards to the special group such as children, women and prisoners. Moreover some issues related to the observation of human rights principle in respect of HIV-positive persons are discussed. The next section dedicated to criminal liability to transmission of HIV where the arguments for and against criminalization of HIV transmission would be discussed. In Iranian penal code there are some suitable criminal subjects like murder, attempt murder and transmission of STD to apply in respected behaviors. Abortion of HIV positive fetus would also be forbidden in both Islamic rules and penal code. The final section discusses civil liability of physicians and nurses through transmission of HIV to patient and results that all damages suffered by victim should be compensated