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1.
Res. Biomed. Eng. (Online) ; 34(1): 87-92, Jan.-Mar. 2018. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1040972

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction Although the envelope detection is a widely used method in medical ultrasound (US) imaging to demodulate the amplitude of the received echo signal before any back-end processing, novel hardware-based approaches have been proposed for reducing its computational cost and complexity. In this paper, we present the modeling and FPGA implementation of an efficient envelope detector based on a Hilbert Transform (HT) approximation for US imaging applications. Method The proposed model exploits both the symmetry and the alternating zero-valued coefficients of a HT finite impulse response (FIR) filter to generate the in-phase and quadrature components that are necessary for the envelope computation. The hardware design was synthesized for a Stratix IV FPGA, by using the Simulink and the integrated DSP Builder toolbox, and implemented on a Terasic DE4-230 board. The accuracy of our algorithm was evaluated by the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) cost function in comparison with the conventional method based on the absolute value of the discrete-time analytic signal via FFT. Results An excellent agreement was achieved between the theoretical simulations with the experimental result. The NRMSE was 0.42% and the overall FPGA utilization was less than 1.5%. Additionally, the proposed envelope detector is capable of generating envelope data at every FPGA clock cycle after 19 (0.48 µs) cycles of latency. Conclusion The presented results corroborate the simplicity, flexibility and efficiency of our model for generating US envelope data in real-time, while reducing the hardware cost by up to 75%.

2.
Rev. bras. eng. biomed ; 26(1): 11-24, abr. 2010. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-570335

ABSTRACT

Este trabalho teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento e avaliação da eficácia de um protocolo de controle de qualidade de imagens geradas por equipamentos de ultrassom operando no modo B, que fosse de fácil implementação e que utilizasse um único objeto de testes. O protocolo proposto foi avaliado em 25 equipamentos de ultrassom utilizados em medicina obstétrica, ginecologia e clínica médica, selecionados em várias clínicas e hospitais de Curitiba, Brasil. Somente modelos de equipamentos que suportavam os três tipos padrões de transdutores (convexo, linear e endocavitário) foram incluídos nos testes. No entanto, em alguns dos equipamentos, nem todos os transdutores estavam disponíveis, totalizando 72 transdutores avaliados durante os testes. Um objeto de testes de uso geral foi utilizado para avaliar os seguintes parâmetros: resoluções laterais e axiais, profundidade de visualização e exatidão das distâncias medidas, entre outras. O protocolo foi implementado em duas partes: uma envolvendo a inspeção física do equipamento/monitor e outra para avaliação dos transdutores. Entre os resultados obtidos, pode-se destacar a efetividade e simplicidade do protocolo proposto, o qual é completamente baseado em um único objeto de testes. Considerando as normas e relatórios técnicos utilizados, para aproximadamente 86% dos transdutores avaliados, falhas foram detectadas em um ou mais indicadores de qualidade de imagem. Os resultados obtidos estão de acordo com outros estudos realizados no Brasil, mostrando que um grande número de equipamentos utilizados diariamente em clínicas e hospitais apresenta um ou mais parâmetros fora dos limites estabelecidos em normas técnicas, tornando difícil o diagnóstico médico e, consequentemente, submetendo o paciente a riscos.


This study aims the development of a quality control protocol of images generated by B-mode ultrasound equipment, being of simple implementation and making use of a single phantom, as well as the evaluation of the proposed protocol effectiveness. The proposed protocol was evaluated on 25 ultrasound equipment used in obstetric medicine, gynaecology and medical clinic, selected from several clinics and hospitals of Curitiba, Brazil. Only systems with three standard transducers (convex, linear and endocavitary types) should be selected, however for some units not all of them were available, thus a total of 72 transducers were tested. A general purpose phantom was used to evaluate the following parameters: lateral and axial resolution, deepness of visualization and accuracy between distances, among others. The protocol was implemented in two parts: one involving the physical inspection of the equipment/monitor and another for the transducers evaluation. Among the results obtained, one is highlighted by the effectiveness and simplicity of the proposed protocol, which is completely based on a single phantom. Considering the utilized standards and technical reports, for approximately 86% of the evaluated transducers, some kind of failure or problem was detected in one or more image quality indicators. The results, inaccordance to those obtained by other authors in Brazil, showed that agreat number of equipment used daily in clinics and hospitals present one or more parameters out of the standards, making the medical diagnosis difficult and consequently submitting the patient to risks.


Subject(s)
Equipment Failure Analysis/instrumentation , Equipment Failure Analysis/methods , Equipment Failure Analysis/standards , Diagnostic Techniques, Obstetrical and Gynecological/instrumentation , Diagnostic Techniques, Obstetrical and Gynecological/standards , Ultrasonography/instrumentation , Ultrasonography/standards , Quality Control , Equipment and Supplies, Hospital/standards , Diagnostic Errors/prevention & control , Equipment Failure , Reference Standards , Equipment Safety/instrumentation , Transducers/standards
3.
Rev. bras. eng. biomed ; 22(2): 93-105, ago. 2006. ilus, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-587450

ABSTRACT

Este trabalho apresenta o projeto e os testes de um equipamento para registro automatizado da amplitude e da latência da resposta de sobressalto acústico em pombos. O sistema desenvolvido é formado por uma câmara experimental, com uma célula de carga acoplada ao piso para ser utilizada como sensor de força, circuitos para geração de estímulos (luz, som ou choque) e circuitos de condicionamento e interfaceamento dos sinais a um microcomputador utilizado para controle, armazenamento e análise dos dados. O software para controle do sistema foi desenvolvido utilizando-se linguagem C para operar em plataformas DOS ou Windows, com rotinas de controle para o protocolo experimental (número, duração e taxa de repetição dos estímulos) e rotinas gráficas para apresentar as curvas de amplitude da resposta em relação ao tempo, armazenamento dos dados no disco e processamento. Os dados são armazenados em arquivos e podem ser analisados estatisticamente com outros aplicativos computacionais. Foram realizados testes comportamentais com pombos e ratos, expostos a 20 estímulos sonoros (1 kHz, 100 dBA, duração de 1 s e taxa de repetição de 30 s). Os animais do grupo controle permaneceram na caixa durante 30 minutos sem receber estímulos. A amplitude do sobressalto, medida em kgf, foi registrada durante 4 s e analisada em janelas temporais de 1 s imediatamente após o som. Os testes com ratos apresentaram resultados semelhantes aos da literatura e indicaram a eficiência do sistema. Comparativamente aos ratos, os pombos apresentaram menor amplitude e maior latência e indicaram diferenças comportamentais entre as duas espécies. O equipamento mostrou-se adequado para as investigações neurobiológicas e comportamentais que usam modelos animais.


This work presents the design and testing of an apparatus for automatic recording of the magnitude and latency of acoustic startle response in pigeons. This system includes one experimental chamber with a load cell coupled to its floor (which is used as a force sensorto measure the amplitude of the response to the stimulus), stimuli generation circuits (light, sound or shock) and interfacing circuits (to a microcomputer that is used for control, storage and data analysis). The software used to control the system was developed using C language and runs under DOS or Windows operational systems. There are routines to implement the experimental protocol (number, duration and repetition rate of stimuli) and graphics routines to show the amplitude of the startle response curves as a function of time. The data may be saved in the disk for further statistical analysis with other programs. Behavioral tests with exposure to 20 tone-pulses (1 kHz, 100 dBA, 1 s, every 30 s) were carried out with pigeons and rats. The control group animals remained in the chamber during 30 min without receiving any acoustic stimulation. The magnitude of startle was recorded (in kgf) during 4 s andanalyzed in temporal windows of 1 s. The tests with rats corroborate the literature and indicate the efficiency of the system. Compared to rats, the pigeons presented lower magnitude and longer latency of acoustic response, indicating behavioral differences between the two species. The equipment was considered adequate for neurobiological and behavioral investigations which use automatic recording of acoustic stimuli responses.


Subject(s)
Animals , Guinea Pigs , Rats , Birds , Columbidae , Behavior, Animal/physiology , Behavior Control/methods , Reaction Time/physiology , Evoked Potentials , Acoustic Stimulation/methods , Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted/instrumentation , Reflex, Acoustic/physiology , Sensitivity and Specificity
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