Duration Of Diabetes Mellitus And Vascular Complications

Background:Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with disabling and potentially life-threatening micro-vascular and macro-vascular complications. Common risk factors for vascular complications in people with type 2 diabetes include hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, tobacco use and obesity. This study aimed to determine the incidence of macro-and micro-vascular complications and risk factors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Material And Methods:100 Patients with type 2 DM attending the medicine opdatShardaben General Hospital,were included in this observational studywho fulfille d inclusion criteria. Detailed historyof all patients was recorded including the duration of DM, risk factors for DM and complications of DM.Result:Incidence of DM was higher in males (56%). Maximum patients with diabetes were between 51 -70 years. 31% patients were newly diagnosed having DM, 36% had DM of <5 years, 24% had DM duration of 5-10 years and 9% had DM duration of >10 years. Mean fasting Blood sugarwas 186mg/dL. 78% had one or more micro vascular complications. Retinopathy was the most common micro-vascular complication (35%). The most common macro-vascular complication was coronary artery disease (44%). Conclusion:Retinopathy was the most common micro-vascular and coronary artery disease is most common macro vascular complication. Incidence of micro-vascular complication increases with duration of diabetes, while macro-vascular complications doesn’t correlatewiththedurationof diabetes mellitus.

Outcome Of Critically Ill Patients With Hypokalemia

Background:Hypokalemia is a common clinical problem. Potassium homeostasis is frequently disturbed in critically ill patients. Underlying diseases or treatments in intensive care unit (ICU) patients often affect homeostasis of potassium level in body. Hypokalemia can lead to lethal arrhythmia. Derangements in serum potassium levels in ICU patients should therefore be avoidedand monitoring of potassium is mandatory. This study identifie s various factors responsible for hypokalemia in critically ill patients in ICU.Material And Methods:Retrospective evaluation of data of 80 patients from march 2018 to february 2019 who were admitted in ICU anddeveloped hypokalemia, was done.Various factors responsible for development of hypokalemia were identified. Treatment response and outcome was evaluated.Result:Incidence of hypokalemia in critically ill patients was more in males. Diabetes mellitus (40%)and hypertension (37.5%) were common comorbidities associated with hypokalemia. Majority patients (70%) had mild hypokalemia. Insulin (37.5%), antibiotics (25%), b2 agonist (22.5%) and steroid (22.5%) were commonly responsible for development of hypokalemia. 62.5% patients were cured and discharged while 37.5% patients were died due to various complications.Conclusion:Multiple factors play an important role in development of hypokalemia in critically ill patients. Frequent monitoring of serum potassium is required in them. Severity of hypokalemia is associated with increased mortality in critically ill patients. Early detection and correction of hypokalemia reduce the overall mortality and improve outcome in critically ill patient.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Essential Hypertension.

The objective of this study was to study the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among patients with essential hypertension and to correlate metabolic parameters. It was a noninterventional, observational study in which 172 patients having essential hypertension who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included and all were subjected to a uniform questionnaire, medical examination and investigations. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 55.23% in patients with essential hypertension in this study, more common in females and most common in age group between 40 and 50 years (39.60%). Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level was the most common metabolic abnormality detected in patients with metabolic syndrome followed by an abnormal fasting blood sugar (FBS), abnormal waist circumference and abnormal triglyceride (TG) level. The females had an abnormal HDL-C levels in 92.06% (z = 16.19, p < 0.05) followed by an abnormal waist circumference in 61.90% (z = 6.85, p < 0.05). The FBS and TG were abnormal in 60.3% (z = 3.34, p < 0.05) and 50.7% (z = 2.57, p < 0.05), of female patients, respectively, while in males, the most common abnormality was low HDL-C in 87.5% (z = 12.54, p < 0.05) followed by abnormal TG levels in 65.62% (z = 3.71, p < 0.05), abnormal FBS 62.5%, (z = 2.92, p < 0.05) and abnormal waist circumference 40.62% (z = 2.14, p < 0.05). TG/HDL-C ratio of ≥3 was the variable that had the best correlation (p = 0.534) with the presence of metabolic syndrome.