Importance of computed tomography angiography in acute/hyperacute ischemic stroke / Importância da angiotomografia computadorizada no acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico agudo/hiperagudo

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the importance of computed tomography and computed tomography angiography (CTA) in stroke protocols, as well as their impact on endovascular treatment and on the determination of the etiology. Materials and Methods Were evaluated 28 patients with acute/hyperacute stroke in the anterior circulation who underwent intracranial and cervical CTA between April 2018 and August 2019. The parameters evaluated were the degree of stenosis, plaque characteristics, type of infarct, treatment, etiology, and the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS). Results: Of the 28 patients evaluated, 16 (57.1%) had an ASPECTS of 10 (the maximum score, indicative of normality). Four patients (14.3%) underwent thrombolytic treatment, and seven (25.0%) underwent mechanical thrombectomy. The etiology was atherosclerosis in 32.1% of the patients, cerebral small-vessel disease in 7.1%, cardioembolic in 7.1%, and undetermined in 53.6%. Regarding plaque, 17.9% of the patients presented stenosis ≥ 50%, 21.4% presented stable plaques, and 42.9% presented vulnerable plaques. Patients with a lower ASPECTS were more likely to have relevant stenosis and were more likely to have a total infarct. Conclusion: In the evaluation of patients with acute/hyperacute strokes, CTA provides important information, identifying occlusion, as well as helping define the etiology and inform decisions regarding treatment.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a importância da tomografia computadorizada e angiotomografia computadorizada (ATC) no protocolo de acidente vascular encefálico (AVE) e o seu impacto no tratamento endovascular e na determinação da etiologia. Materiais e Métodos: Foram avaliados 28 pacientes com AVE agudo/hiperagudo da circulação anterior que realizaram ATC intracraniana e cervical, no período de abril de 2018 a agosto de 2019. Os parâmetros avaliados foram grau de estenose, placa, tipo do infarto, tratamento, etiologia e classificação Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS). Resultados: A maioria dos casos (16; 57,1%) apresentou ASPECTS de 10. Quatro pacientes (14,3%) realizaram tratamento trombolítico e sete (25%) foram submetidos a trombectomia mecânica. A etiologia foi aterosclerose em 32,1% dos pacientes, doença de pequenas artérias em 7,1%, cardioembólico em 7,1% e indeterminada em 53,6%. Em relação à placa, 17,9% apresentaram estenose maior que 50%, 21,4% apresentaram placas estáveis e 42,9%, placas instáveis. Pacientes com ASPECTS mais baixo apresentavam maior probabilidade de ter estenose relevante e apresentavam maior chance de ocorrência de infarto total. Conclusão: A ATC fornece informações importantes na avaliação do paciente com AVE agudo/hiperagudo, identificando a oclusão e auxiliando na definição da etiologia e no direcionamento do tratamento.

Consensus on diagnosis and management of non-metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer in Brazil: focus on patient, selection, treatment efficacy, side effects and physician's perception according to patient comorbidities

ABSTRACT Background: Non-metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (M0 CRPC) has seen important developments in drugs and diagnostic tools in the last two years. New hormonal agents have demonstrated improvement in metastasis free survival in M0 CRPC patients and have been approved by regulatory agencies in Brazil. Additionally, newer and more sensitive imaging tools are able to detect metastasis earlier than before, which will impact the percentage of patients staged as M0 CRPC. Based on the available international guidelines, a group of Brazilian urology and medical oncology experts developed and completed a survey on the diagnosis and treatment of M0 CRPC in Brazil. These results are reviewed and summarized and associated recommendations are provided. Objective: To present survey results on management of M0 CRPC in Brazil. Design, setting, and participants: A panel of six Brazilian prostate cancer experts determined 64 questions concerning the main areas of interest: 1) staging tools, 2) treatments, 3) side effects of systemic treatment/s, and 4) osteoclast-targeted therapy. A larger panel of 28 Brazilian prostate cancer experts answered these questions in order to create country-specific recommendations discussed in this manuscript. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: The panel voted publicly but anonymously on the predefined questions. These answers are the panelists' opinions, not a literature review or meta-analysis. Therapies not yet approved in Brazil were excluded from answer options. Each question had five to seven relevant answers including two non-answers. Results were tabulated in real time. Conclusions: The results and recommendations presented can be used by Brazilian physicians to support the management of M0 CRPC patients. Individual clinical decision making should be supported by available data, however, for Brazil, guidelines for diagnosis and management of M0 CRPC patients have not been developed. This document will serve as a point of reference when confronting this disease stage.

Value of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) in the diagnosis of lung and mediastinal lesions

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the value of EBUS-TBNA in the diagnosis of lung and mediastinal lesions. METHODS: Prospective cohort study that included 52 patients during a 2-year period (2016 to 2018) who underwent EBUS-TBNA. RESULTS: Among the 52 individuals submitted to the procedure, 22 (42.31%) patients were diagnosed with locally advanced lung cancer (N2 or N3 lymph node involvement). EBUS-TBNA confirmed the diagnosis of metastases from other extrathoracic tumors in the mediastinum or lung in 5 patients (9.61%), confirmed small cell lung cancer in 3 patients (5.76%), mediastinal sarcoidosis in 1 patient (1.92%), and reactive mediastinal lymph node in 8 patients (15.38%); insufficient results were found for 3 patients (5.76%). Based on these results, EBUS-TBNA avoided further subsequent surgical procedures in 39 of 52 patients (75%). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were 86%, 100%, 100%, 77%, and 90%, respectively. No major complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: EBUS-TBNA is a safe, effective, and valuable method. This technique can significantly reduce the rate of subsequent surgical procedures required for the diagnosis of lung and mediastinal lesions.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Avaliar a importância da ecoendoscopia endobrônquica com punção por agulha fina (Ebus-TBNA) no diagnóstico das lesões pulmonares e mediastinais. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo e do tipo coorte, no qual foram incluídos 52 pacientes, durante o período de dois anos (2016 a 2018), submetidos ao procedimento de Ebus-TBNA. RESULTADOS: Do total de 52 indivíduos submetidos ao procedimento, 22 (42,31%) pacientes foram diagnosticados com neoplasia pulmonar localmente avançada (N2 ou N3). O método confirmou o diagnóstico de metástases de outros tumores extratorácicos no mediastino ou pulmão em cinco pacientes (9,61%), três pacientes (5,76%) com carcinoma de pequenas células, um paciente (1,92%) com sarcoidose, oito pacientes (15,38%) com linfonodomegalias reacionais/inflamatórias e resultado insuficiente em três pacientes (5,76%). O Ebus-TBNA evitou a realização de outros procedimentos cirúrgicos subsequentes em 39 de 52 (75%) pacientes. Foram calculados os valores de sensibilidade de 86%, especificidade de 100%, valor preditivo positivo de 100%, valor preditivo negativo de 77% e acurácia de 90%. Não foram observadas complicações maiores pelo método neste estudo. CONCLUSÃO: O Ebus-TBNA é um método seguro, eficaz e de relevante importância. Este exame pode reduzir significativamente o número de procedimentos invasivos subsequentes necessários para o diagnóstico das lesões pulmonares e mediastinais.

Second brazilian consensus on the treatment of advanced prostate cancer: a SBOC-SBU-SBRT panel review

ABSTRACT Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths. In Brazil, it is likewise the second most common cancer among men, second only to non-melanoma skin cancers. The aim of this consensus is to align different opinions and interpretations of the medical literature in a practical and patient-oriented approach. The first Brazilian Consensus on the Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer was published in 2017, with the goal of reducing the heterogeneity of therapeutic conduct in Brazilian patients with metastatic prostate cancer. We acknowledge that in Brazil the incorporation of different technologies is a big challenge, especially in the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), which allows for the disparity in the options available to patients treated in different institutions. In order to update the recommendations and to make them objective and easily accessible, once more a panel of specialists was formed in order to discuss and elaborate a new Brazilian Consensus on Advanced Prostate Cancer. This Consensus was written through a joint initiative of the Brazilian Society of Clinical Oncology (SBOC) and the Brazilian Society of Urology (SBU) to support the clinical decisions of physicians and other health professionals involved in the care of patients with prostate cancer.

First brazilian consensus of advanced prostate cancer: recommendations for clinical practice

ABSTRACT Introduction Prostate cancer still represents a major cause of morbidity, and still about 20% of men with the disease are diagnosed or will progress to the advanced stage without the possibility of curative treatment. Despite the recent advances in scientific and technological knowledge and the availability of new therapies, there is still considerable heterogeneity in the therapeutic approaches for metastatic prostate cancer. Objectives This article presents a summary of the I Brazilian Consensus on Advanced Prostate Cancer, conducted by the Brazilian Society of Urology and Brazilian Society of Clinical Oncology. Materials and Methods Experts were selected by the medical societies involved. Forty issues regarding controversial issues in advanced disease were previously elaborated. The panel met for consensus, with a threshold established for 2/3 of the participants. Results and Conclusions The treatment of advanced prostate cancer is complex, due to the existence of a large number of therapies, with different response profiles and toxicities. The panel addressed recommendations on preferred choice of therapies, indicators that would justify their change, and indicated some strategies for better sequencing of treatment in order to maximize the potential for disease control with the available therapeutic arsenal. The lack of consensus on some topics clearly indicates the absence of strong evidence for some decisions.

Castration-resistant prostate cancer: systemic therapy in 2012

Prostate cancer is the most common non-cutaneous neoplasm in the male population worldwide. It is typically diagnosed in its early stages, and the disease exhibits a relatively indolent course in most patients. Despite the curability of localized disease with prostatectomy and radiation therapy, some patients develop metastatic disease and die. Although androgen deprivation is present in the majority of patients with metastatic prostate cancer, a state of androgen resistance eventually develops. Castration-resistant prostate cancer, defined when there is progression of disease despite low levels of testosterone, requires specialized care, and improved communication between medical and urologic oncologists has been identified as a key component in delivering effective therapy. Despite being considered a chemoresistant tumor in the past, the use of a prostate-specific antigen has paved the way for a new generation of trials for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Docetaxel is a life-prolonging chemotherapy that has been established as the standard first-line agent in two phase III clinical trials. Cabazitaxel, a novel taxane with activity in cancer models resistant to paclitaxel and docetaxel, is the only agent that has been compared to a chemotherapy control in a phase III clinical trial as a second-line therapy; it was found to prolong the overall survival of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer previously treated with docetaxel when compared to mitoxantrone. Other agents used in this setting include abiraterone and sipuleucel-T, and novel therapies are continually being investigated in an attempt to improve the outcome for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Evolução neuropsicológica de pacientes com metástases cerebrais submetidos à radioterapia paliativa / Long term neuropsychological follow-up of patientswith brain metastasis treated with palliative whole-brain radiation therapy

Introdução: O tratamento radioterápico como modalidade terapêutica das metástases cerebrais está associado a um melhor controle local e diminuição da probabilidade de morte neurológica. Entretanto, há um número escasso de estudos na literatura investigando os efeitos deste tratamento, especialmente de radioterapia total de cérebro paliativa, no funcionamento cognitivo e na qualidade de vida dos pacientes que a ele se submetem. Objetivo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar o funcionamento cognitivo de pacientes com metástases cerebrais antes e após o tratamento de radioterapia total de cérebro paliativa. Método: Os 13 pacientes incluídos foram submetidos a 30 Gy m 10 frações, totalizando 3000 cGy. Os testes neuropsicológicos selecionados avaliaram as funções mnésticas, atencionais, executivas, intelectuais e motoras. Resultados: Os principais resultados demonstraram prejuízo das funções executivas, atencionais e de memória episódica, após o tratamento de radioterapia total de cérebro, especialmente, em pacientes com 3 ou 4 metástases cerebrais. Conclusão: Estes achados foram discutidos levando-se em consideração os déficits cognitivos e localização das lesões.

Introduction: The radiation therapy as a treatment modality for brain metastasis is associated with better local control and reduction in neurological death. However, there is a lack of studies in the literature investigating the treatment effects especially of whole-brain radiation therapy on cognitive functions and quality of life in patients who underwent this treatment. Objective: The present study aimed at investigating the cognitive functioning of patients with brain metastases before and after palliative whole-brain radiation therapy. Methods: The 13 patients included in the study received 30 Gy in 10 fractions totaling 3000 cGy. The neuropsychological tests assessed memory, attention, executive functions and motor dexterity. Results: The main results showed impairment in executive, attentional and memory functions after treatment particularly in cases with 3 or 4 lesions in the brain. Conclusion: These findings are discussed in terms of the cognitive deficits and localization of the lesions.

Valor prognóstico da expressão das proteínas dos genes p53, mdm2 e da família do gene bcl-2 no carcinoma de células transicionais músculo-invasivo de bexiga / The prognostic role of p53, mdm-2, and bcl-2 familly gene proteins expression in muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder

Este estudo incluiu 59 pacientes em que foram avaliadas as expressões das proteínas dos genes mdm-2, p53, e da família do gene bcl-2 por meio de método imunohistoquímico em carcinoma de células transicionais músculo-invasivo tratados com M-VAC, seguido do tratamento loco-regional. Este estudo procurou explorar a associação entre a expressão alterada destas proteínas com a sobrevida global. A expressão mínima ou ausente da proteína do gene p53 (p = 0.006) foi o único marcador que apresentou associação significativa, com taxas de sobrevida global mais favoráveis. /This study of 59 patients evaluated mdm-2, p53, and bcl-2 family gene protein expression by immunohistochemistry in muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder treated with M-VAC, followed by locoregional treatment. This study explored the relationship between altered expression and long-term survival in this patient population. Absence or minimal p53 gene protein expression (p = 0.006) was the only molecular marker that statistically correlated with prolonged survival. However, the cooperative effects of mdm-2, p53, and bcl-2 genes represented a more robust prognostic model to delineate overall survival (p = 0.01) compared to isolated gene proteins...

Schistosomiasis: predisposing cause for the formation of hepatic abscesses? : case report

Paciente adulto, natural de regiao endemica para esquistossomose e portador cronico da doenca, apresenta queixa de febre ha sete dias, associada a ictericia e dor lombar em regiao direita. Os exames radiologicos mostraram abscessos hepaticos piogenicos multiplos, cuja causa predisponente e conhecida, segundo trabalhos da literatura, em 100 por cento dos casos. Atraves de parametros clinicos, laboratoriais e radiologicos todas as etiologias classicas foram afastadas. Sabe-se que a esquistossomose pode provocar, como complicacao, a pileflebite, alem de depressao imunologica e reacao granulomatosa com necrose lobular central e maior risco de infeccao. Os autores deste relato de caso sugerem ser a esquistossomose, na sua forma cronica, causa predisponente para formacao de abscessos hepaticos piogenicos multiplos, principalmente em regioes endemicas.

Polipos e polipose juvenil: estudo epidemiologico e histologico de 45 casos / Juveline polyps and juvenile poloposis: epidemiological and histopathological study od 45 patients

Com o intuito de investigar o potencial neoplasico dos polipos juvenis foram analisados polipos de 45 pacientes, quatro deles portadores de polipos juvenil (tres do sexo feminino e um do masculino), sendo o restante dos pacientes portadores de polipos unicos (20 do sexo masculino e 21 do sexo feminino). A idade variou desde meses ate 32 anos. O exame microscopico de rotina revelou processos proliferativos epiteliasi, incluindo fenomenos regenerativos (51,5 por cento ), hiperplasia adenomatoide (6,7 por cento ) e adenomas (5 por cento ) alem de alteraçoes displasicas (5 por cento ), nao ocorrendo neoplasias maligna. Estes achados indicam que em nosso meio houve presença de potencial neoplasico em 2,3 por cento dos polipos unicos e em 13,6 por cento dos multiplos, o que sugere maior chance de degeneraçao carcinomatosa a partir destes ultimos, tanto pelo maior comprometimento da mucosa colica quanto pelo comportamento biologico mais agressivo

Artéria cística: estudo anatômico de 50 casos / Cystic artery: dissection on fifty specimens

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o estudo anatômico da artéria cística. Para tal, estudamos 50 artérias císticas, por dissecaçao a olho nu, em blocos de vísceras humanas, formolizados. Em 80 por cento dos casos, a artéria cística originou-se da artéria hepática direita; nos 20 por cento restantes, a origem anatômica foi variada. Foram também estudadas as dimensoes e as relaçoes topográficas das artérias císticas, principalmente no que se refere aos elementos do pedículo hepático.