Adiponectin to leptin ratio as a potential antiatherogenic index in Egyptian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

It has been demonstrated in recent studies that abnormal levels of adipocytokines may contribute to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. We aimed to assess the potential role of the adiponectin to leptin ratio [A/ L ratio] as a biomarker for atherosclerosis and glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients. The serum levels of adiponectin, leptin were measured simultaneously by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Their levels and ratio were correlated to CRP, glycemic status and lipid profile in 60 type 2 diabetic patients compared to 30 healthy subjects. We found a significant higher leptin and C-reactive protein [CRP] with lower adiponectin and A/L ratio in non-controlled type 2 diabetes comparing to health and controlled diabetic patients. Moreover, obese subjects had higher Leptin with lower adiponectin and A/L ratio than non-obese subjects. Persons with complicated diabetes mellitus were higher among uncontrolled DM; they had higher leptin with lower A/L ratio compared to non complicated diabetic patients. Leptin was negatively correlated to adiponectin [r= -0.63]. Atherogenic index was positively correlated to leptin [r= 0.778] and negatively correlated to adiponectin [r= -0.756] and A/L ratio [r= -0.713]. Moreover, A/L ratio correlated negatively to CRP, HbAlc, FBG and BMI. This study confirms the role of adiponectin and leptin levels in DM control and severity of dyslipidemia. We found A/L ratio is better than each marker alone to evaluate atherogenicity in DM and may serve as an anti-atherogenic index and may be act as a new marker of metabolic control for individuals with high risk of cardiovascular complications of atherosclerosis in type II diabetes

Prognostic significance of cytochrome C release and tissue lactate dehydrogenase in patients with breast cancer

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of cytochrome c release and tissue lactate dehyrogenase [LDH] in patients with breast cancer. This study included 90 patients with breast cancer and 35 patients with benign breast lesions. In cytosolic fraction, release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol was detected by Western blot, while total LDH activity was measured spectrophotometrically. Tissue LDHA mRNA was assessed by RTPCR. We observed a significant increase in cytochrome c release, LDH activity and LDHA mRNA in patients with breast cancer compared to patients with benign breast lesions. Cytochrome c release was significantly declined in poorly differentiated tumors [grade 3] compared to well-differentiated and moderately differentiated tumors [grades 1, 2]; and in stages III and IV compared to stages I and II of breast cancer. Levels of LDH activity and LDHA mRNA were remarkably elevated in breast cancer patients with grade 3 compared to those with grades 1, 2; and in stages III and IV compared to stages I and II of breast cancer. High levels of LDH activity and LDHA mRNA were detected in breast cancer patients with positive lymph node compared to those with negative lymph node. These data indicate that cytochrome c release, cytosolic LDH activity and tissue LDHA mRNA can be considered as useful prognostic markers in patients with breast cancer

Evaluation of oxidative stress and apoptosis in breast cancer

Reactive oxygen species are important in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including breast cancers. In this study, we aimed to evaluate oxidative stress in patients with breast cancer and to investigate its relationship with apoptosis. Our results showed that, the median levels and positivity rates of Malondialdehyde [MDA], Nitric Oxide [NO], Total Antioxidant [TAO], caspase-3,%DNA fragmentation and MDA/TAO ratio measured in breast cancer tissues by colorimetric methods were higher in the malignant group as compared to benign control group. Moreover, MDA, NO and%DNA fragmentations were over produced in advanced grade and stage P<0.05. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was found between MDA/TAO ratio and positive lymph node metastasis. Also, there were significant positive correlations of caspase-3 and%DNA fragmentation with positive estrogen receptor and NO. Moreover, the total antioxidants were positively correlated with positive progesterone receptor. In Conclusion; oxidative stress, NO and apoptosis are highly detected in breast cancer tissues especially with advanced grade and stage