ABSTRACT
Los captadores de niebla son usados para interceptar agua contenida en la niebla y abastecer de agua a comunidades que habitan en lugares donde este recurso escasea. Se evaluó el uso de captadores de niebla para la captación de agua en un área ubicada en el páramo Pan de Azúcar, Duitama-Boyacá. Se instalaron 60 captadores de niebla, 24 de ellos, con dispositivos para medir los volúmenes de agua interceptados. Los volúmenes de agua captados, se midieron en periodos de 24 horas, por 26 días, durante un año y se usó el modelo geométrico para diferenciar el agua proveniente de la niebla. La precipitación registrada fue mayor a la reportada en la literatura. La precipitación mensual osciló entre 51 y 1198 mm y la temperatura media mensual entre los 6 y 8 °C. Los volúmenes de agua promedio colectados por los 24 captadores de niebla estuvieron entre los 0,02 Lm-2dia-1 hasta los 4,4Lm-2dia-1. Los aportes de agua provenientes de la niebla oscilaron entre los 0,02 y 1,77 mmdía-1. La dirección del viento no afectó la captación de agua y aún se presenta incertidumbre al separar el aporte real de agua proveniente de la niebla a partir de la lluvia orográfica, lo cual, sigue siendo un desafío en los ecosistemas de páramo, por lo que se debe ampliar la investigación, para mejorar los diseños y las eficiencias de los captadores de niebla.
Fog collectors are used to intercept water contained in fog and supply water to communities that live in places where this resource is scarce. We evaluated the use of mist collectors to collect water in an area located in the Pan de Azúcar paramo, Duitama-Boyacá. We installed 60 mist collectors, 24 of them with devices to measure the volumes of water intercepted. The volumes of water captured were measured in periods of 24 hours for 26 days during one year and we used the geometric model to differentiate the water from the fog. The recorded precipitation was higher than that reported in the literature. Monthly rainfall ranged between 51 and 1198mm and mean monthly temperature ranged between 6 and 8°C. The average volumes of water collected by the fog collectors were below 0.5Lm-2day-1 with a maximum of 4.4Lm-2day-1. The contributions of water from the mist ranged between 0.02 and 1.77 mmday-1. The direction of the wind did not affect the capture of water and there is still uncertainty when separating the real contribution of water from the fog from the orographic rain, which continues to be a challenge in the paramo ecosystems, for which it is necessary to expand research, to improve the designs and efficiencies of fog collectors.
ABSTRACT
Background: Cannabis use among young people in Chile has increased significantly in the last years. There is a consistent link between cannabis and psychosis. Aim: To compare cannabis use in patients with a first episode of psychosis and healthy controls. Material and Methods: We included 74 patients aged 20 ± 3 years (78% males) admitted to hospital with a first episode of psychosis and a group of 60 healthy controls aged 23 ± 4 years (63% males). Cannabis consumption was assessed, including age of first time use and length of regular use. Results: Patients with psychosis reported a non-significantly higher frequency of life-time cannabis use. Patients had longer periods of regular cannabis use compared with healthy subjects (Odds ratio [OR] 2.4; 95% confi-dence intervals [CI] 1.14-5.05). Patients also used cannabis for the first time at an earlier age (16 compared with 17 years, p < 0.0). The population attributable fraction for regular cannabis use associated with hospital admissions due to psychosis was 17.7% (95% CI 1.2-45.5%). Conclusions: Cannabis use is related to psychosis in this Chilean group of patients. This relationship is stronger in patients with early exposure to the drug and longer the regular use. One of every five admissions due to psychosis is associated with cannabis consumption. These data should influence cannabis legisla-tion and the public policies currently being discussed in Chile.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Psychotic Disorders , Cannabis , Psychotic Disorders/epidemiology , Case-Control Studies , Chile/epidemiology , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Hombre, 76 años, Jubilado, Soltero sin hijos, Estudios técnicos incompletos. Domicilio: Comuna de Providencia. Diagnóstico: Trastorno Delirante. Ideas delirantes persecutorias relacionadas con personas que viven en su edificio. Amenaza a sus vecinos de piso. Refiere que hablan de él en la televisión. Sospecha que su madrastra y hermanos quieren quedarse con herencia de su padre, quien falleció el año 2006. Antecedente de delirio de persecución aproximadamente a los 30 años. Se logra un control parcial de la sintomatología psiquiátrica y se mantiene trabajando en industria de muebles del padre. Paciente actualmente vive solo, sin pareja ni hijos. No sale de su departamento desde hace dos años. Efectúa compras por teléfono. Visitas de Parientes: Escasa, mayor contacto telefónico.
Case report: Man, Ricardo M. A., 76 years old, Retired, Single without children, Technical studies incomplete. Domicile: Commune of Providence. Diagnosis: Delusional disorder Persecutory delirious ideas related to people living in your building. Threatens his neighbors to the floor. He says they talk about him on TV. She suspects that her stepmother and siblings want to inherit their father, who passed away in 2006. Antecedent of delirium of persecution at approximately 30 years. A partial control of the psychiatric symptomatology is obtained and it is kept working in the father's furniture industry. Patient currently lives alone, without a partner or children. He has not left his apartment for two years. Make purchases by phone. Visits of Relatives: Scarce, greater telephone contact.