An Additional Right Renal Vein and Pre Hilar Primary Tributaries of Left Renal Vein: Embryological Basis and Clinical Significance: A Case Report.

In clinical Anatomy, the renal venous system is relatively understudied compared to the arterial system. The present study reports the presence of an Additional renal vein on the right side draining directly into the Inferior venacava and pre hilar primary tributaries of the left renal vein .The above findings were observed in a male cadaver during routine dissection of abdomen for undergraduate students in the Department of Anatomy,Rajarajeswari Medical college and hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka India. The Anatomical knowledge of renal veins and its variations are of extreme importance for the surgeon who approaches the retroperitoneal region mainly in the face of current frequency of Renal transplant surgeries.Knowledge of Anatomy and Anomalies of Renal veins is necessary for retroperitoneal surgery and venographic procedures in addition to providing safety guidelines for endovascular procedures. In view of immense clinical significance attached to the variations in the renal vascular patterns, the present case has been discussed with emphasis to its embryological basis.

Dicephalus dibrachius with anencephaly

We present a case of inferior conjunction in a rare type of conjoined twins, dicephalus in a male fetus. The male fetus was born to a 24-year-old, gravida 2, and para 0, who had medical abortion at 15 weeks of gestation due to anencephaly with meningoencephalocele revealed by ultrasound examination. The fetus was born with 2 anencephalic heads with a bifurcation of the vertebral column and presence of 2 spinal cords. The other viscera and limbs were normal in number and location as for a male singleton. This case illustrates the relationship between conjoined twining, and neural tube defect more particularly anencephaly with a male zygote, which is an unusual presentation for this type of zygote gender

Impact of educational intervention on knowledge of mothers regarding home management of diarrhoea.

A pre and post comparison study was carried out in the field practice area of M.S. Ramaiah Medical College Bangalore, Karnataka to assess the impact of educational intervention on the knowledge of mothers of under five children on home management of diarrhoeal diseases. Sample of 225 mothers were included in the study. The study was conducted in 3 stages. Stage I--initial knowledge, attitude and practice of mothers was assessed. Stage II--one to one educational intervention was conducted and supported by audiovisual aids and live demonstration. Stage III--included post intervention knowledge, attitude and practice after 2 months and 2 years. After the educational intervention, there was significant improvement on knowledge of mothers regarding definition of diarrhoea (P < 0.001), signs of dehydration (P < 0.001), awareness of ORS solution (P < 0.001), correct preparation of ORS solution (P < 0.001), shelf-life of ORS solution (P < 0.001), seeking health care (P < 0.001) and rational drug therapy during diarrhoea (P < 0.001). McNemar test was used to find out the change in knowledge before and after the educational intervention. The overall knowledge scores improved significantly after 2 months (P < 0.001) as well as 2 years (P < 0.001) of the educational intervention. Though the proportion of mothers retaining the knowledge at the end of 2 years dropped, yet there was significant improvement (P < 0.001) when compared to the baseline study.