Esterase isozymes patterns of grape vine (Vitis vinifera L) are altered in response to fungicide exposure / Padrões de isozimas Esterases de videira (Vitis vinifera L) alterados em resposta à exposição a fungicidas

Current analysis characterizes the effect of different fungicides often applied for pest control on α−and ß-esterase patterns of four economically important table-wine grape cultivars (Italia, Rubi, Benitaka and Brasil) of Vitis vinifera. The α- and ß-esterase patterns in bud leaves of the cultivars were assessed by native PAGE analysis. Cabrio Top® compound inhibited EST-2, EST-5, EST-6, EST-7, EST-8, EST-9 and EST-10 carboxylesterases, whereas EST-4, EST-11, EST-12, EST-13, EST-14 acetylesterases and EST-16 carboxylesterase were detected as weakly stained bands. Carboxylesterases and acetylesterases were also detected as weakly stained bands when exposed to fungicides Orthocide 500®, Positron Duo® and Folicur PM®. No changes in α- and ß-esterase patterns were reported when the vines were exposed to the fungicides Rovral SC®, Kumulus DF®, Curzate M®, Score® or Cuprogarb 500®. The evidence of functional changes in carboxylesterase and acetylesterase levels in current study is a warning to grape producers on the dangers inherent in the indiscriminate use of potent and modern fungicides extensively used in agriculture. The inhibition effect of fungicides on esterase isozyme molecules seems to be independent of the fungicide chemical.

O presente estudo caracterizou o efeito de diferentes fungicidas comumente aplicados como medidas de controle de pragas sobre padrões de α- e ß-esterases de quatro importantes cultivares de uva de mesa (Itália, Rubi, Benitaka e Brasil) de Vitis vinifera. Os padrões de α- e ß-esterases de brotos foliares das cultivares foram avaliados por PAGE. O composto Cabrio Top® inibiu as carboxilesterases EST-2, EST-5, EST-6, EST-7, EST-8, EST-9 e EST-10, enquanto as acetilesterases EST-4, EST-11, EST-12, EST-13, EST-14 e a carboxilesterase EST-16 foram detectadas como bandas fracamente coradas. As carboxilesterases e acetilesterases também foram detectadas como bandas fracamente coradas quando expostas aos fungicidas Orthocide 500®, Positron Duo® e Folicur PM®. Não foram observadas alterações nos padrões de α- e ß-esterases quando as videiras foram expostas aos fungicidas Rovral SC®, Kumulus DF®, Curzate M®, Score® ou Cuprogarb 500®. A evidência de alterações em nível funcional em carboxilesterases e acetilesterases, apresentada neste estudo, pode servir como um alerta aos produtores de uva dos perigos inerentes ao uso indiscriminado de fungicidas potentes e modernos amplamente utilizados hoje na agricultura. O efeito dos fungicidas sobre as enzimas esterases parece ser independente do grupo químico ao qual pertence o fungicida.

Microsatellite analysis of the parental contribution of Piaractus mesopotamicus to the production of offspring in the semi-natural system of reproduction

The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity and the parental contribution of Piaractus mesopotamicus in the production of offspring in the semi-natural system of reproduction. Twenty parental fishes (eleven males and nine females) and the total of 100 larvae were evaluated by microsatellite marker. The parents and offspring had thirty-one alleles and heterozygosity of 0.550 and 0.563, respectively. The females were fertilised by two up to six males while the males fertilised three up to five females. The contribution of the females and males to the offspring were 66.6 and 58 percent, respectively. Such results indicated no loss in the genetic variability in the offspring, and the parents had multiple paternity and reasonable contribution to the offspring production.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade genética e a contribuição parental de Piaractus mesopotamicus na produção de descendência no sistema seminatural de reprodução. Vinte peixes parentais (onze machos e nove fêmeas) e o total de 100 larvas foram avaliados por meio do marcador microssátelite. Os parentais e a progênie tiveram trinta e um alelos e heterozigosidade de 0,550 e 0,563, respectivamente. As fêmeas foram fertilizadas por dois até seis machos enquanto machos fertilizaram três até cinco fêmeas. A contribuição de fêmeas e machos para a descendência seja 66,6 e 58,0 por cento, respectivamente. Tais resultados não indicam diminuição da variabilidade genética na progênie e os parentais apresentaram paternidade múltipla e razoável contribuição à produção de descendência.

Genetic diversity of breeding popcorn lines determined by SSR markers / Diversidad genética de líneas de mejoramiento del Zea mays determinada por marcadores SSR

Information about genetic dissimilarity is very important to corroborate genealogical relationships and to predict the most heterozygotic hybrid combinations. Eight popcorn S6 lines of diverse germplasm types were evaluated using simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. Of a total of 51 evaluated polymorphic primers, 15 were used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The genetic distance was estimated by Rogers’ modified distance. The different popcorn breeding programs in Brazil are possibly using highly similar base-populations. The genetic similarity of lines P1-3 and P8-1 was lowest, while P3-3 and P8-2 were genetically more similar. The cophenetic correlation showed that the Unweighted Pair-Group Method Using Arithmetic Averages (UPGMA) was reliable to discriminate the genotypes in five groups. The clusters were consistent with the estimates of genetic identity. There was a moderate coincidence degree between the groups and genealogy of lines. Higher levels of heterozygosity are expected from crosses between the group containing lines P3-3 and P7-3 with that of P1-3 and P7-4. Crosses between lines P1-3 and P8-1 are also promising.

Caracterização genética de estoques de Prochilodus lineatus(Valenciennes, 1836) (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae), utilizados em programas de repovoamento: importância para a conservação da ictiofauna e do ecossistema / Genetic characterization of Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836)

Alterações ambientais provocadas pelas mudanças climáticas e principalmente por ações humanastêm reduzido populações naturais de peixes nos últimos anos. Os programas de repovoamento têm sido utilizados como forma de conservação, porém, sem uma correta orientação científica essas medidas podem gerar distúrbios sobre a diversidade genética da ictiofauna e sobre o ecossistema. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a diversidade genética de dois estoques de alevinos de Prochilodus lineatus utilizados em programas de repovoamento, mediante o marcadormolecular RAPD. Foram analisados 60 alevinos (estoque A e B) de uma piscicultura localizada no município de Rolândia, PR (Brasil). Os sete iniciadores selecionados produziram um total de 77 fragmentos, dos quais 81,82% foram polimórficos. Os valores de variabilidade genética estimados pela porcentagem de fragmentos polimórficos (A= 83,12%;B= 81,82%) e pelo índice de diversidade genética de Shannon (A= 0,473; B= 0,463) mostraram que não existe uma alta diferenciação genética entre os dois estoques, possivelmente devido ao efeito fundador e ao manejo reprodutivo. Este resultado foi corroborado com o valor de Gst (0,043), do dendrograma e da distância e identidade genética (0,967 e 0,034)que mostram uma baixa diferenciação genética entre eles. Os resultados deste estudo possibilitarão o correto manejoreprodutivo e genético dos estoques e a orientação objetiva de programas de repovoamento, permitindo a conservação da ictiofauna e dos ecossistemas impactados.

Environmental alterations caused by the climatic changes and mainly for human actions, it hasbeen reducing fish natural populations in the last years. The stocking programs have been used as conservation form,however, without a correct scientific orientation those measured can generate disturbances about the genetic diversity of the ichthyofauna and on the ecosystem. The objective of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of two juvenile Prochilodus lineatus stocks used in stocking programs, by the RAPD molecular marker. Sixty juvenile (A and B stocks) of a fish farm located in the Rolândia Municipal District, PR (Brazil) were analyzed. The seven primers selected produced a total of 71 fragments, of which 89.44% were polymorphic. The genetic variability values estimated by the percentage ofpolymorphic fragments (A = 83.12%; B = 81.82%) and for the genetic diversity of Shannon index (A = 0.473; B = 0.463) showed that a high genetic differentiation doesn't exist among the two stocks, possibly due to the founder effect and the reproductive management. This result was corroborated with the Gst value (0.043), of the dendrogram and of the distance and genetic identity (0.967 and 0.034) that show a low genetic differentiation among them. The results of this study will make possible the correct reproductive and genetic management stocks and the objective orientation at of stocking programs, allowing the ichthyofauna and the impact ecosystems conservation.

Heterozygosity following half-sib recurrent selection in popcorn using isoenzyme markers

Isozyme biochemical marker may be useful tool for genomic analysis of maize populations undergoing recurrent selection. Thus, isozymes markers was utilized for assess the changes in the genetic variability and distance in a Brazilian composite population of popcorn following four cycles of recurrent selection for yield. One hundred and ninety-six half-sib families were evaluated from each cycle and the ten highest-yielding families (5.2 percent) were recombined to produce the next cycle. Isozyme analysis considered 80 seedlings per cycle. Simple linear regression equations were estimated among the allele frequencies in each locus in function of the selection cycles, the genetic distances among the cycles and the average heterozygosity per locus for each cycle. Regression analysis did not reveal any common trend for changes in allele frequencies presumably due to selection. The estimates of the number of polymorphic locus, of the mean of allele per locus and the mean heterozygosity did not reveal any reduction in variability. It was concluded that four selection cycles did not cause relevant changes in the variability or genetic distance among the selection cycles of CMS-43 popcorn population. Isozymes markers analysis showed that the number of recombined half-sib families in recurrent selection was suitable.