ABSTRACT
Background: Stress produces physiological and mental reactions in the body. Stressful life is most common experiences in human life. Mild stress is beneficial in performance but constant high stress may lead to anxiety and depression. Examination stress act as stressor and decreases the performance of student. A stressor is a change in the personal event or an environment that can cause stress. AIM: Present study was done to evaluate the muscle strength variations and fatigue under examination stress among medical students. Material and Method: Study involved 100 healthy boys and girls between 18-21 years of age. Who have no history of tobacco or alcohol consumption. Each students muscle strength was assessed by calculating work done using hand grip dynamometer and Mosso’s ergo graph, once during routine schedule in relaxed state (with no examination) and again during stressed state (during mid- term examination). Result: The amount of work done and handgrip strength was significantly higher on relaxed state compared to during examination. Conclusion: This study suggests that as examinations act as unavoidable stressors, which lead to the variation in the performance of the students. The medical teachers as well as students should be made aware of the negative consequences of stress faced during medical training. Effective relaxation program and psychological counselling services should be provided to students so that they cope better with examination stress.
ABSTRACT
Cadmium is one among the most environmental pollutants that affects many organs like kidney, liver and testis. The present study was aimed to assess the simultaneous effects of black tea extracts (BTE) on cadmium chloride induced alterations in lipid profile and liver histology. Adult rats were divided into four groups (n=6/group), group I (normal saline), group II (CdCl2, 1.0 mg/kg, b.wt; i.p), group III (black tea extract, 2.5 gm tea leaf/dl of water that is 2.5% of aqueous BTE) and group IV (cadmium chloride + BTE). Cadmium chloride intoxicated rats showed significant increase in serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and there is a significant decrease in the serum high density lipoproteincholesterol. In the liver, cadmium chloride showed changes in normal architecture, swollen hepatocytes, kupffer cells hyperplasia, dilation and congestion of central vein. Oral administration of black tea extracts with cadmium chloride significantly improves lipid profile and liver architecture as compared to the cadmium chloride group. The results indicate that BTE is beneficial in preventing cadmium-induced lipid alterations and hepatocellular damage.