Música perioperatoria: estado del arte y aplicabilidad en la práctica anestésica / Perioperative music therapy: state of the art and applicability in anesthesia

Introducción: La audición es un proceso complejo en el cual el sonido se convierte en energía eléctrica que se procesa e interpreta a nivel de la corteza auditiva. La musicoterapia es una ciencia de bajo costo aplicable a la anestesiología con beneficios económicos. Como coadyuvante a la terapia farmacológica permite usar menores dosis de algunos medicamentos. Objetivo: revisión no sistemática en bases de datos reconocidas. Metodología: búsqueda exhaustiva sobre revisiones sistemáticas, consensos, metaanálisis, utilizando los descriptores electrónicos en las bases de datos electrónicas: PubMed, Science Direct, OvidSP, EBSCO y SciELO. Arrojó 393 artículos, 80 relacionados con música, musicoterapia, medicina y adulto, 77 con electroencefalografía, estimulación acústica y sincronización cortical, 32 con anestesia balanceada y éteres metílicos, y 68 relacionados con música y anestesiología. Se seleccionaron solo los artículos completos para un total de 100. Se complementó con 2 textos universitarios de física. Conclusión: la música en anestesiología representa una herramienta valiosa como alternativa de tratamiento para disminuir la morbimortalidad y los costos asociados. Se necesitan estudios complementarios para determinar los alcances de ésta asociación.

Audition is a complex process in which sound transduces into electrical energy which is processed and interpreted at the auditory cortex. Music therapy is an inexpensive technique applicable to anesthesia. As an adjuvant to pharmacological interventions it allows reducing the requirements of certain medicines. Objective: a non-systematic review in recognized databases. Methodology: A thorough search of systematic reviews, consensuses and meta-analyses on electronic databases PubMed, Science Direct, OvidSP, EBSCO and SciELO using electronic descriptors. 393 articles were retrieved from the searches which included 80 related with music, music therapy, medicine and adults; 77 regarding electrencephalography, acoustic stimulation and cortical synchronization; 32 on balanced anesthesia and methyl ethers; and, 68 related with music and anesthesia. Only 100 articles were eligible for inclusion as only full text reports were considered. Two university physics textbooks were used as supplemental reading resources. Conclusions: music is a valuable adjuvant of anesthesia which can provide reduced morbidity and mortality and related costs. Further studies are needed to determine the scope of this association.

Infección urinaria por Acinetobacter baumannii adquirida en la comunidad: caso clínico de una paciente embarazada / Urinary infection by Acinetobacter baumannii acquired in the community: clinical case of a pregnant patient

Resumen Antecedentes: Acinetobacter baumannii es un cocobacilo no fermentativo gramnegativo, con amplio espectro de resistencia a los antibióticos. Existe relación entre la colonización de la bacteria y el origen de complicaciones durante el embarazo, principalmente: vasculitis del cordón umbilical, alteraciones en la gelatina de Wharton, bajo peso al nacimiento y parto pretérmino. Caso clínico: Paciente de 21 semanas de embarazo, con fiebre no cuantificada, dolor abdominal en el hipogastrio asociado con disuria, tenesmo vesical y polaquiuria de un mes de evolución. Se realizó urocultivo mediante sonda vesical y se procesó en un equipo MicroScan AutoSCAN-4®, automatizado, que resultó positivo para Acinetobacter baumannii, con recuento superior de 100,000 UFC/mL. Debido al cuadro clínico se aisló a la paciente, con protocolo de control y tratamiento materno-fetal estrecho, con egreso institucional satisfactorio. Quince semanas después ingresó, nuevamente, al servicio médico por síntomas urinarios, patrón fetal grado III y bioquímica sanguínea alterada. Se practicó cesárea de urgencia; se obtuvo un recién nacido prematuro, vivo, que recibió tratamiento antimicrobiano. No se reportaron alteraciones adicionales. Cinco días después del posoperatorio ambos pacientes fueron dados de alta. Conclusiones: Las infecciones por Acinetobacter baumannii durante el embarazo son poco frecuentes, pero se asocian con elevada morbilidad y el retraso en el tratamiento con alta mortalidad materna y fetal.

Abstract Background: Acinetobacter baumannii is a non-fermentative gram-negative coccobacillus, with a broad spectrum of resistance to antibiotics. There is a relationship between the colonization of the bacteria and complications in the pregnancy, among which are: cord vasculitis, alterations in Wharton gelatin, low birth weight and preterm delivery. Clinical case: A pregnant woman of 21 weeks of gestation with unquantified fever, abdominal pain in hypogastrium associated with dysuria, bladder tenesmus and one-month-old urinary frequency; urine culture was performed by bladder catheter and processed in an automated MicroScan AutoSCAN-4®, which was positive for Acinetobacter baumannii, with colony counts greater than 100,000 CFU/mL. Due to the clinical picture, contact isolation, control and close maternal-fetal treatment were performed with satisfactory institutional discharge. The patient entered 15 weeks after the previous admission with urinary symptoms, grade III fetal pattern and altered blood biochemistry, whereby she underwent surgery, obtaining a premature birth which was treated with antimicrobial therapy. Conclusion: Acinetobacter baumannii infections during pregnancy are rare, however is associated with an increase in maternal-fetal morbidity, and delays in the administration are associated with increased maternal-fetal mortality.

Uso inapropiado de medicamentos en adultos mayores: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2010 / Inappropriate medication use among Chilean older people

Background: Inappropriate medication use in older people is an important source of adverse events and complications. Aim: To determine the frequency of inappropriate medication use in the general population. Material and Methods: As part of the 2010 Chilean National Health Survey, 1,048 persons aged 65 years or more were interviewed about medication use. The information obtained was analyzed using standardized Beer’s criteria, adapted for the Chilean population, to define inappropriate medication use. A logistic regression model was performed to define risk factors for inappropriate medication use. Results: Ten percent of subjects had a high risk of inappropriate medication use. The most common medications used were chlorphenamine, amitriptyline, diazepam, chlorpromazine, chlordiazepoxide and piroxicam. The risk factors detected were female gender, polypharmacy and a bad health self-perception. Conclusions: Inappropriate medication use is common among Chilean older people and should be discouraged.

Possible Benefits of the Whole Body Vibration in the Treatment of Complications in Stroke Patients.

Aims: A stroke is a neurological disorder and muscle weakness is the most prominent impairment. Whole-body vibration (WBV) is a possible modality of exercise that is useful for improving physical capacity, bone mass, balance, proprioception and the quality of life in healthy subjects and in patients with several diseases and among them, the neurological disorders. Considering the undesirable clinical conditions of the stroke patients, the aim of this review is to discuss about the benefits of the vibrations generated in the oscillating/vibratory platforms to those patients. Methodology: A search was performed in the PubMed using the keywords stroke or "cerebrovascular accident" and "whole body vibration". An isolated search was performed with the term “whole body vibration”. Inclusion and exclusion criteria to select the publications were determined. Results: It is found a limited number of publication involving WBV and the stroke with 16 articles. Of these, 9 publications were rejected for inclusion in this systematic review, due to they did not match the proposed inclusion criteria. Considering the studies that were analysed, about 57% of these have reported an improving in the clinical conditions of the stroke patients with statistical significance. Most probably the reason of the controversial results obtained with WBV findings can be attributed to the diversity of methods to measure the outcomes and the experimental design and the clinical characteristics of the subjects used, as well as the time elapsed post stroke. Conclusion: Putting together the findings and considering the divergence of the results reported, it is suggested that the use of the vibration generated in the vibratory platform could be suitable to try to improve disorders of the stroke patients. However, it is important to consider the limited number of publications available in the PubMed involving searches evaluating the effect of the WBV in stroke patients.

Biomarkers for screening of lung cancer and pre-neoplastic lesions in a high risk Chilean population

BACKGROUND: The mortality of lung cancer (LC), increases each year in the world, in spite of any advances, in development of new drugs to advance stages of LC. The high incidence of LC has been associated with smoking habit, genetic diversity and environmental pollution. Antofagasta region has been reported to have the highest LC mortality rate in Chile and its inhabitants were exposed to arsenic in their drinking water in concentrations as high as 870 µg/L. Non-invasive techniques such as biomarkers (Automatic Quantitative Cytometry: AQC and DR70) and Auto Fluorescence Bronchoscopy (AFB) might be potentially useful as a supplementary diagnostic approach and early detection. Early detection is one of the most important factors to intervene and prevent cancer progression in LC. This is a work of an ongoing prospective bimodality cancer surveillance study in high risk LC volunteers. Enrolment was done in subjects from Antofagasta and Metropolitan regions. In addition, we enrolled subjects who were suspected of having lung cancer. AQC, DR70 and AFB were used as tools in the detection of pre-neoplastic (PNL) and neoplastic lesions (NL). RESULTS: Half of the samples, classified as suspicious by AFB, were confirmed as metaplasia or dysplasia by histopathology. For LC, DR70 showed a higher sensitivity (95.8%) and specificity (91.9%) than AQC. However, for PNL AQC showed a higher sensitivity (91.9%) than DR70 (27.3%), although both with low PPV values. As a pre screener, both biomarkers might be employed as complementary tools to detect LC, especially as serially combined tests, with a sensitivity of 60% and a PPV of 65.2%. Additionally, the use of parallel combined tests might support the detection of PNL (sensitivity 91.2%; PPV 49.1%). CONCLUSION: This work adds information on cellular and molecular biomarkers to complement imaging techniques for early detection of LC in Latin America that might contribute to formulate policies concerning screening of LC. Supported by INNOVA-CORFO, Chile.

Impacto del delirium en pacientes de edad avanzada hospitalizados: un estudio prospectivo de cohortes / Delirium in older medical inpatients: A one year follow up study

Background:Delirium is an important problem in older medical inpatients. Aim: To assess if delirium is associated with higher mortality, functional decline or higher rates of readmission or institutionalization in a one year follow-up period. Material and Methods: Prospective cohort study of consecutive patients 65 years and older, admitted to a general hospital medical ward. A psychogeriatric team assessed patients every 48 h using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), functionality, acute severity and comorbidity scores. Analysis of one year mortality and telephone functional assessment was performed. Results: Five hundred forty two patients were enrolled and 35.4% had delirium. After one year, mortality was 34.9 and 13% in delirium and non-delirium cohorts, respectively (p < 0.01). After adjustment for covariates, delirium was independently associated with higher mortality, and higher functional decline and institutionalization. No significant differences were seen in readmission rates. Conclusions: Delirium was significantly associated with higher mortality and functional decline over a one year follow up period in geriatric inpatients.

Deterioro cognitivo e hiperparatiroidismo primario: resultado favorable después de cirugía: Caso clínico / Cognitive impairment associated to primary hyperparathyroidism: Report of one case

We report a 79-year-old male patient presenting with progressive memory loss associated with anxiety and muscularpain. An extensive biochemical control revealed high serum calcium and parathormone levels, and normal thyroid hormones. Cognitive assessment prior to surgery was compatible with mild cognitive impairment, showing significant improvement two months after parathyroidectomy. Our case suggests that, although rare, primary hyperparathyroidism should be considered as a possible cause of cognitive decline in the elderly.

Identificación y caracterización del adulto mayor saludable / A novel method for targeting and characterizing healthy older people

Background: There is no established definition of healthy aging in clinical practice, although it is a World Health Organization goal. Aim: To develop a clinical protocol to identify healthy older people living in the community and study their clinical, laboratory and functional characteristics. Material and Methods: Healthy people aged 60 years or older, were invited to participate in the study, by newspapers and radio, if they selfperceived as healthy, lived in the community, were functionally independent and had low disease burden. Potential participants were initially screened by telephone, and those who met the inclusion criteria were included. They had a comprehensive geriatric assessment which included clinical, anthropometric, laboratory and functional assessments. Results: Of 384 people who answered the call, 83 subjects aged 60 to 98 years (57 percent women) met the inclusion criteria of healthy older people. Seventy eight percent did not consume any medication, 100 percent were able to perform physical activities that required at least three metabolic equivalents (Mets). Basic laboratory showed that approximately 90 percent of subjects had normal values, using standard benchmarks established for an adult population. Conclusions: The protocol used in this work was able to identify healthy older people with low disease burden and good functionality. It also validated history and comprehensive geriatric assessment as reliable instruments to identify these subjects.

Medicina Interna y Salud Pública: Claves para una relación virtuosa / Internal Medicine and Public Health

A special Committee on Internal Medicine and Public Health was established by Sociedad Médica de Santiago (Chilean Society of Internal Medicine) in April 2007 with the duty to write a Consensus Paper on the interaction between both branches of medical profession. The main objective was to find the common grounds on which to construct a positive approach to regain space for Internal Medicine, based on prevalent epidemiológica! features related to adult health issues. The authors describe the reasons to explain the gap between clinical medicine and population health and identify the nature and evolution of chronic diseases as the point of encounter between both. With Chilean health surveys data, they state that chronic diseases explain the high proportion of burden of disease, mortality and disability, and stress that by the year 2025 one in every five inhabitants will be over 65years of age, with ageing as another main problem for the health care sector. Population with multiple risks and multimorbidity is the most important challenge for the Chilean Health Care System. A new model of care is needed to tackle this scenario with new skills regarding psychosocial determinants of health. The leading role of internists and ideally geriatricians, will be crucial in this process and will help the implementation of sound population based interventions. Both individual and community level interventions will help to improve quality of life of Chilean families.

Hepatitis crónica C con manifestaciones extrahepáticas: presentación de un caso / Chronic hepatitis C with extrahepatic manifestation a case report

Se presenta 1 paciente de 43 años con un cuadro clínico que se inició 6 meses atrás con poliartralgias, edemas facial y de las piernas que progresaba durante el día y factor reumatoideo positivo. A los 5 meses se detectó hepatomegalia y 2 semanas después tuvo un episodio de dolor torácico, no opresivo, de reposo, que se acompañaba de disnea y que era producido por pleuropericarditis, con derrame, comprobada radiológicamente. Cinco días después tuvo fiebre de hasta 39 oC precedida de escalofríos y acompañada de náuseas, vómitos, cólicos abdominales y diarreas líquidas, lo que repetía varias veces al día, todo lo cual desapareció espontáneamente 2 semanas después. Posteriormente se encontró hipocratismo digital de los pies y vasculitis cutánea en fase no aguda en tercio inferior de ambas piernas. En los exámenes complementarios se destacaron la anemia ligera, VSG 65 mm/h, creatinina 198 micromol/L, ASAT 57 U/L, ALAT 52 U/L y leucohematocilindruria. La vasculitis se extendió a miembros superiores y a tronco y desde entonces su evolución clínica estuvo dada por episodios de fiebre y diarreas, los anticuerpos antinucleares negativos y los inmunocomplejos circulantes en 0,140. El derrame pleuropericárdico desapareció. El AgHBV negativo y el Anti-HCV positivo. Biopsia de piel: vasculitis con inmunocomplejos de pequeños vasos. Biopsia del hígado: hepatitis crónica por virus C, con actividad parenquimatosa ligera, actividad portal moderada y fibrosis nula (índice de Knodell = 7). Finalmente se hacen algunos comentarios en relación con lo polimorfo del cuadro clínico y la necesidad de indicar marcadores virales para el despistaje de hepatitis C en sujetos con poliartralgias o poliartritis

Perfil de morbilidad en menores y mayores de 65 años / Mobidity profile in aged below and above 65 years old

En Chile son escasos los informes publicados sobre la situación general del anciano y las patologías prevalentes que presentan. Por consiguiente, se efectúo un estudio prospectivo en 3.114 pacientes que consultaron, desde Mayo 1983 a Mayo 1984, en el policlínico de Medicina Interna del Centro de Diagnóstico de la Escuela de Medicina de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. El 25% de ese grupo fueron mayores de 65 años (33% hombres y 67% mujeres) con una edad promedio de 71,4 +/- 5.3 años (+/- DS) y su estado civil era: 10% soltero, 51% casado, 36% viudos, 3% separado. Con respecto a su situación laboral, se encontraban trabajando activamente el 10%, jubilado el 40% y eran dueñas de casa el 50%. Vivían con familiares cercanos el 87%. La frecuencia de morbilidades diagnosticada en porcentaje, en los menores de 65 años versus los mayores de 65 años, fue la siguiente: Infecciones y parasitarias 7,2/2,3 (p < 0.001); Tumores 1,1/1,2; Endocrinas, Metabólicas, Inmunológicas 13,4/14,4; Hematológicas 1,3/0,2 (p < 0.05); Trastornos mentales 8,6/2,1 (p < 0.001); Sistema nervioso y sentidos 2,6/2,5; Aparato Circulatorio 20,8/44,6 (p < 0.00001); Aparato Respiratorio 5,5/4,8; Aparato Disgetivo 13,6/7,8 (p < 0.0001); Aparato Urinario 7,8/8,7; Dermatológicas 1,1/0,7; Osteomuscular y Tejido Conectivo 8,6/6,4 (p: NS); Traumatismo 5,3/3,2 (p < 0.05). Se concluye que en el grupo mayores de 65 años hay deferenciais estadísticamente significativas, con respecto a los menores de esa edad (analizadas mediante chi-cudrado) en cuando a su situación socioeconómica y los diagnósticos realizados