Sildenafil in endotoxin-induced pulmonary hypertension: an experimental study

Abstract Background Sepsis and septic shock still represent great challenges in critical care medicine. Sildenafil has been largely used in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension, but its effects in sepsis are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that sildenafil can attenuate endotoxin-induced pulmonary hypertension in a porcine model of endotoxemia. Methods Twenty pigs were randomly assigned to Control group (n = 10), which received saline solution; or to Sildenafil group (n = 10), which received sildenafil orally (100 mg). After 30 minutes, both groups were submitted to endotoxemia with intravenous bacterial lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS) infusion (4 µg.kg-1.h-1) for 180 minutes. We evaluated hemodynamic and oxygenation functions, and also lung histology and plasma cytokine (TNFα, IL-1β, IL6, and IL10) and troponin I response. Results Significant hemodynamic alterations were observed after 30 minutes of LPS continuous infusion, mainly in pulmonary arterial pressure (from Baseline 19 ± 2 mmHg to LPS30 52 ± 4 mmHg, p< 0.05). There was also a significant decrease in PaO2/FiO2 (from Baseline 411 ± 29 to LPS180 334 ± 49, p< 0.05). Pulmonary arterial pressure was significantly lower in the Sildenafil group (35 ± 4 mmHg at LPS30, p< 0.05). The Sildenafil group also presented lower values of systemic arterial pressure. Sildenafil maintained oxygenation with higher PaO2/FiO2 and lower oxygen extraction rate than Control group but had no effect on intrapulmonary shunt. All cytokines and troponin increased after LPS infusion in both groups similarly. Conclusion Sildenafil attenuated endotoxin-induced pulmonary hypertension preserving the correct heart function without improving lung lesions or inflammation.

Criptococose no sistema nervoso de cães - relato de três casos / Cryptococcosis in nervous system of drugs - report of three cases

A criptococose é uma micose sistêmica oportunista causada pela levedura Cryptococcus neoformans. A infecção em cães ocorre mais comumente pela inalação de leveduras ou esporos. As alterações neurológicas encontradas são muito semelhantes a outras doenças inflamatórias e infecciosas do sistema nervoso. O objetivo do presente trabalho é relatar três casos de criptococose no sistema nervoso de cães, ressaltando a importância desta doença no diagnóstico diferencial de alterações neurológicas progresivas ou multifocais associadas ou nåo a alterações sistêmicas. O diagnóstico só pode ser confirmado através de cultura fúngica e/ou visualização do agente após coloração adequada do líquor, ou sorologia, quando disponível.