ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate whether glucocorticoid receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with clinical and metabolic profiles in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Polycystic ovary syndrome is a complex endocrine disease that affects 5-8% of women and may be associated with metabolic syndrome, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Cortisol action and dysregulation account for metabolic syndrome development in the general population. As glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) polymorphisms regulate cortisol sensitivity, we hypothesized that variants of this gene may be involved in the adverse metabolic profiles of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. METHOD: Clinical, metabolic and hormonal profiles were evaluated in 97 patients with polycystic ovary syndrome who were diagnosed according to the Rotterdam criteria. The alleles of the glucocorticoid gene were genotyped. Association analyses were performed using the appropriate statistical tests. RESULTS: Obesity and metabolic syndrome were observed in 42.3% and 26.8% of patients, respectively. Body mass index was positively correlated with blood pressure, triglyceride, LDL-c, total cholesterol, glucose and insulin levels as well as HOMA-IR values and inversely correlated with HDL-c and SHBG levels. The BclI and A3669G variants were found in 24.7% and 13.4% of alleles, respectively. BclI carriers presented a lower frequency of insulin resistance compared with wild-type subjects. CONCLUSION: The BclI variant is associated with a lower frequency of insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Glucocorticoid gene polymorphism screening during treatment of the syndrome may be useful for identifying subgroups of at-risk patients who would benefit the most from personalized treatment. .
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Young Adult , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/genetics , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/metabolism , Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics , Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics , Alleles , Body Mass Index , Cholesterol , Fluoroimmunoassay , Gene Frequency , Genes, bcl-1/genetics , Hypertension/genetics , Hypertension/metabolism , Insulin Resistance/genetics , Metabolic Syndrome/genetics , Metabolic Syndrome/metabolism , Obesity/genetics , Obesity/metabolism , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Risk Factors , Statistics, Nonparametric , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Adrenal incidentaloma is not infrequent and can be found in hirsute women. We report a case of a 54-year-old woman with amenorrhea and hirsutism of abrupt onset and mild signs of virilization that had an adrenal incidentaloma coexisting with ovarian hyperthecosis. Basal total and free testosterone were 191 ng/dL and 179 pmol/L. Pelvic ultrasonography disclosed a right ovary with 10.3 cc and a left ovary with 9.8 cc without nodules or cysts, and computerized tomography of the abdomen disclosed a normal right adrenal gland. On the left adrenal gland a solid nodule with 0.8 cm was seen. After GnRHa administration, total testosterone was 23 ng/dL and free testosterone was 17 pmol/L. In view of a suppression of testosterone by GnRHa, the patient was submitted to a hystero-oophorectomy by laparoscopy. Symmetrically enlarged ovaries were seen. No tumor was apparent. Histology showed hyperthecosis, with foci of luteinized stromal cells. Only atretic follicles were detected. No hilar cell hyperplasia was seen. In conclusion, the presence of an adrenal mass in a hirsute woman can lead to a wrong diagnosis. In this case the suppression GnRHa test was fundamental to determine the origin of hyperandrogenemia.
Os incidentalomas adrenais não são infreqüentes e podem ser encontrados em pacientes com hirsutismo. Nesse relato, apresentamos o caso de coexistência de um incidentaloma adrenal com hipertecose de ovário, em uma mulher com 54 anos de idade com amenorréia e hirsutismo de início abrupto e sinais leves de virilização. As testosteronas total e livre basal foram de 191 ng/dL e 179 pmol/L, respectivamente. O ultra-som pélvico demonstrou o ovário direito com 10,3 cc e ovário esquerdo com 9,8 cc, sem nódulos ou cistos e a tomografia computadorizada de abdome demonstrou adrenal direita adrenal e nódulo sólido de 0,8 cm na adrenal esquerda. Após a administração de análogo de GnRH, as testosteronas total e livre foram de 23 ng/dL e 17 pmol/L, respectivamente. Considerando a supressão da concentração de testosterona pelo análogo de GnRH, a paciente foi submetida a histeroooforectomia por via laparoscópica. O diagnóstico histológico foi de hipertecose, com focos de células estromais luteinizadas. Somente folículos atréticos foram visualizados. Não se detectou hiperplasia de células hilares. Em conclusão, a presença de massa adrenal em uma paciente com hirsutismo pode levar ao diagnóstico errado. Neste caso, o teste de supressão com análogo de GnRH foi fundamental para se determinar a origem da hiperandrogenemia.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Adenoma/diagnosis , Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/diagnosis , Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/analogs & derivatives , Hirsutism/etiology , Ovarian Neoplasms/diagnosis , Adenoma/complications , Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/complications , Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/therapeutic use , Ovarian Neoplasms/complications , Postmenopause , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/complications , Testosterone/bloodABSTRACT
As there is controversy about the prevalence of hypertension in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and, up to the present moment, no studies have evaluated the impact of body mass index (BMI) on blood pressure levels (BP) in these patients, we studied retrospectively sixty-nine patients with PCOS, with BMI of 29.0 ± 6.7 kg/m² and aged 25.6 ± 5.6 yr, subdivided into three groups according to BMI (normal, overweight and obese) and evaluated regarding BP (mercury sphygmomanometer), basal hormonal profile, fasting glucose, and insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR). Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were normal (118.1 ± 17.0 and 74.7 ± 11.5 mmHg, respectively), with a hypertension prevalence of 20.3 percent. Of these patients, 78.6 percent were obese and 21.4 percent were overweight. When the groups were compared according to BMI, a significant increase in SBP and DBP was observed (higher in overweight and obese patients for SBP and higher in obese for DBP), as well as a significant progressive increase in glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment, and a significant progressive decline in LH levels. When the patients were subdivided as normotensive or hypertensive, a significant difference was observed only for BMI (28.2 ± 6.1 and 34.7 ± 8.6 kg/m², respectively; p = 0.007). In conclusion, we observed a significant and progressive impact of BMI on blood pressure levels in our patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.
Como há controvérsia sobre a prevalência de hipertensão arterial em pacientes com a síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) e, até o momento, nenhum estudo avaliou o impacto do índice de massa corporal (IMC) sobre a pressão arterial (PA), foram estudados retrospectivamente 69 pacientes com a SOP, com IMC de 29,0 ± 6,7 kg/m² e idade de 25,6 ± 5,6 anos, subdivididos em 3 grupos de acordo com o IMC (normal, sobrepeso e obesos) e avaliados com relação à PA, perfil hormonal basal, glicemia de jejum e sensibilidade à insulina (HOMA-IR). As médias das pressões arteriais sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD) foram normais (118,1 ± 17,0 e 74,7 ± 11,5 mmHg, respectivamente), com uma prevalência de hipertensão de 20,3 por cento. Das pacientes hipertensas, 78,6 por cento eram obesas e 21,4 por cento apresentavam sobrepeso. Quando os grupos, subdivididos de acordo com o IMC, foram comparados, aumento significativo da PAS e PAD foi observado (PAS maior nas pacientes com sobrepeso e obesas e PAD maior nas pacientes obesas), assim como um aumento progressivo da glicemia, insulina e HOMA-IR, e um decréscimo significante e progressivo de LH. Quando as pacientes foram subdivididas em normotensas e hipertensas, diferença significativa foi observada somente para IMC (28,2 ± 6,1 e 34,7 ± 8,6 kg/m², respectivamente; p = 0,007). Em conclusão, observamos um impacto significativo e progressivo do IMC sobre os níveis pressóricos em nossas pacientes com a síndrome dos ovários policísticos.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Body Mass Index , Blood Pressure/physiology , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/physiopathology , Analysis of Variance , Blood Glucose/analysis , Hormones/blood , Hypertension/epidemiology , Hypertension/physiopathology , Insulin Resistance/physiology , Insulin/blood , Obesity/epidemiology , Obesity/physiopathology , Overweight/epidemiology , Overweight/physiopathology , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/blood , Retrospective Studies , Statistics, NonparametricABSTRACT
Patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) present a higher risk for abnormalities of glucose metabolism (AGM). For to study this in our population, we submitted 85 patients, with body mass index (BMI) of 28.5 ± 6.6 kg/m² and aged 25.5 ± 5.4 years old, to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and assessed the impact of BMI on the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and of diabetes mellitus (DM). The states of glucose tolerance were classified considering fasting plasma glucose (FPG) according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criterion and plasma glucose at 120 minutes according to the Word Health Organization (WHO) criterion. According to the ADA criteria, 83.5 percent classified as normal and 16.5 percent as with AGM, with 15.3 percent presenting impaired fasting glucose and 1.2 percent DM, while according to the WHO criteria, 68.2 percent were classified as normal and 31.8 percent as with AGM, with 27.0 percent of them presenting IGT and 4.8 percent DM. Seventy-three percent of PCOS patients with IGT by WHO criterion had normal FPG by ADA criterion. The prevalence of AGM for both criteria increased with the body mass index. In conclusion, we found a higher prevalence of AGM in PCOS patients than that found in the general population, being the highest in obese patients. Glycemia at 120 minutes on the OGTT identified more patients with AGM than fasting glycemia. We recommended that the assessment of AGM must be done by the OGTT in all patients with PCOS.
Pacientes com a síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) têm um risco maior para desenvolver anormalidades do metabolismo da glicose (AMG). Para avaliarmos a prevalência dessas anormalidades na nossa população, submetemos 85 pacientes, com índice de massa corporal (IMC) de 28,5 ± 6,6 kg/m² e média etária de 25,5 ± 5,4 anos, a teste de tolerância oral à glicose (TTOG). Os estados de tolerância à glicose foram classificados considerando a glicemia de jejum (GJ; American Diabetes Association - ADA) e glicemia aos 120 minutos (G120; Organização Mundial de Saúde - OMS). De acordo com a ADA, 83,5 por cento das pacientes foram normais e 16,5 por cento com AMG, com 15,3 por cento apresentando glicemia de jejum imprópria e 1,2 por cento diabetes mellitus (DM). De acordo com a OMS, 68,2 por cento foram normais e 31,8 por cento com AMG, com 27,0 por cento apresentando intolerância à glicose (IG) e 4,8 por cento DM. Observamos que 73 por cento das pacientes com IG pelos critérios da OMS apresentavam GJ normal pelos critérios da ADA. A prevalência de AMG para ambos os critérios foi maior entre as pacientes com IMC mais elevado. Conclusão: encontramos maior prevalência de AMG nas pacientes com a SOP do que na população geral, sendo mais elevada entre as pacientes obesas. Além disso, a G120 no TTOG identificou maior número de pacientes com AMG do que a GJ. Assim, recomendamos avaliação de AMG através do TTOG para todas as pacientes portadoras da SOP.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Body Mass Index , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnosis , Glucose Tolerance Test , Glucose Intolerance/diagnosis , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/complications , Brazil/epidemiology , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology , Glucose Intolerance/epidemiology , Glucose Intolerance/etiology , Obesity/complications , Prevalence , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
Foram estudadas 9 pacientes portadoras da forma nao clássica de hiperplasia adrenal congênita por deficiência de 2l-hidroxilase (2l-FNC). O diagnóstico baseou-se na resposta da 17-hidroxiprogesterona (l7-OHP) 60 minutos após estímulo com 250 ug de ACTH sintético por via EV. Em relaçao à reserva de glicocorticóide, observamos somente uma paciente com resposta deficiente de cortisol ao estímulo com ACTH. A concentraçao basal de 17-OHP foi altamente variável, tanto em relaçao a mesma paciente como entre as pacientes. Em duas delas, observamos concentraçao basal de 17-OHP normal, após estímulo com ACTH, observamos uma hiperresposta de 17-OHP, compatível com o diagnóstico de 2l-FNC. As pacientes foram subdivididas em três grupos de acordo com o diagnóstico clínico: Grupo I: Pubarca precoce (n= 1); Grupo II: Hirsutismo com ciclos menstruais regulares e ovulatórios (n= 4); e Grupo III: Hirsutismo com alteraçao menstrual (n= 3). Nao observamos qualquer diferença entre os três grupos tanto em relaçao à reserva de glicocorticóide adrenal e a concentraçao de 17-OHP, basal ou pós-estímulo, nem com relaçao à parâmetros clínicos, como obesidade, menarca ou idade de início do hirsutismo nas pacientes dos grupos II e III, sugerindo que a manifestaçao clínica da 2l -FNC esteja na dependência de fatores extra-adrenais, excetuando-se a pubarca precoce.