ABSTRACT
Pregnancy in women affected with bipolar disorders supposes a complex clinical decision making process for those women affected and their clinicians. On one hand, a careful weighing of potential consequences of maintains pharmacologic treatment for obstetric health and embryo-fetal development is essential. On the other, a thorough consideration of risks of discontinuing treatment for pregnant women and fetal health is needed. In this paper, critical items to discuss with women that make informed decisions regarding their mood stabilizing treatment in these complex circumstances are described. Likewise, some clinical recommendations for psychiatric management of pregnancy in this population are presented.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications/diagnosis , Bipolar Disorder/diagnosis , Bipolar Disorder/drug therapy , Pregnancy Complications/psychology , Pregnancy Complications/drug therapy , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Objetivo: Evaluar los costos directos, el nivel de funcionamiento y la tasa de empleo reportada en una muestra aleatoria de personas con trastorno bipolar (TB) I y II que se atienden en forma ambulatoria. Métodos: Se analizaron y compararon los costos directos de los tratamientos ambulatorios de 165 pacientes con diagnóstico de trastorno bipolar tipo I y II (el costo mensual del tratamiento farmacológico, el número de consultas mensuales, el número de internaciones y días de internación). Se estimó el funcionamiento global y se consignó la condición laboral. Resultados: El 51,5% (n=85) de los pacientes presentaba diagnóstico de TB tipo I y 48,5% (n=80) de TB tipo II. El 40,6% de los pacientes se encontraba desocupado; el puntaje de GAF fue 73 ± 12,59. Los costos mensuales del tratamiento farmacológico fueron de $480 ± $350,4 por paciente sin diferencia entre los TB. Un mayor porcentaje de pacientes con TB I había tenido internaciones y recibía antipsicóticos, mientras que un mayor porcentaje de pacientes con TB II recibía antidepresivos y asistía al psicólogo. Discusión: Los pacientes con diagnóstico de TB I y TB II deben afrontar tratamientos farmacológicos que implican un costo promedio equivalente a un cuarto del ingreso mínimo en nuestro país, independientemente del tipo de trastorno bipolar que padezcan. Ambos grupos de pacientes presentaban una elevada tasa de desempleo y puntajes de funcionamiento global relativamente bajos.
Objective: To evaluate the direct costs, the functional level and the employment rate reported for a random sample of people with Bipolar Disorders (BD) I and II that are cared for as outpatients. Methods: The direct costs of outpatient treatment for 165 patients diagnosed with types I and II bipolar disorders were compared and analyzed (the monthly cost of pharmacological treatments, the number of consultations per month, the number of hospitalizations and the days spent in hospital). Global functioning was estimated and their employment was recorded. Results: 51,5% (N=85) of the patients had been diagnosed with type I BD and 48.5% (N=80) with BD type II. 40,6% of the patients were unemployed; the GAF score was 73 ± 12,59. Monthly costs of pharmacological treatment were $480 ± $350,4 per patient, with no difference between the type of BD. A larger percentage of type I BD patients had been hospitalized and received anti-psychotic drugs, whereas a greater percentage of BD II patients received anti-depressants and went to a psychologist. Discussion: Patients diagnosed with BDI and BD II must face pharmacological treatments that imply an average cost equal to one quarter of the minimum income in our country, independent of the type of bipolar disorder they suffer. Both groups of patients presented a high level of unemployment and relatively low global functioning scores.
ABSTRACT
Members of the high temperature requirement A (HtrA) family of chaperone proteases have been shown to play a role in bacterial pathogenesis. In a recent report, we demonstrated that the gene ML0176, which codes for a predicted HtrA-like protease, a gene conserved in other species of mycobacteria, is transcribed by Mycobacterium leprae in human leprosy lesions. In the present study, the recombinant ML0176 protein was produced and its enzymatic properties investigated. M. lepraerecombinant ML0176 was able to hydrolyse a variety of synthetic and natural peptides. Similar to other HtrA proteins, this enzyme displayed maximum proteolytic activity at temperatures above 40°C and was completely inactivated by aprotinin, a protease inhibitor with high selectivity for serine proteases. Finally, analysis of M. leprae ML0176 specificity suggested a broader cleavage preference than that of previously described HtrAs homologues. In summary, we have identified an HtrA-like protease in M. lepraethat may constitute a potential new target for the development of novel prophylactic and/or therapeutic strategies against mycobacterial infections.