ABSTRACT
Root canal treatment is the most commonly performed procedure in dentistry in the field of endodontics. Prior to the procedure local anaesthesia is administered to ensure painless pulp extirpation and cleaning. There are various methods in which this is done by different practitioners, some prefer to administer a nerve block while a few only use an infiltration, and some use both. We wanted to assess the knowledge, awareness, and practice, regarding appropriate anaesthesia to be used while performing root canal therapy for mandibular molar, among practitioners and post graduate students in India. METHODSA total of 80 specialists volunteered to participate in the study. A simple online questionnaire with 10 relevant questions was framed and circulated to the participants. Responses that were received were verified and analysed using SPSS. RESULTS50 % of the respondents administered a classical inferior alveolar nerve block involving the IAN, lingual and long buccal nerve. 26 % of the respondents anesthetised the inferior alveolar nerve and lingual nerve and 17 % anesthetised the inferior alveolar nerve and long buccal nerve. CONCLUSIONSAnaesthesia of IAN alone should suffice during RCT of the mandibular molars. However, there is no adequate information and knowledge regarding the technique and the amount of local anaesthetic to be delivered for root canal therapy for mandibular molars thus inflicting further pain to the patient.
ABSTRACT
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) arthritis affects the joint and the surrounding musculature. Like any other joints, causes of temporomandibular joint arthritis could be rheumatoid arthritis, osteo arthritis, or psoriatic arthritis. Severity of the disease differs from each other ranging from mild to severe. In case of temporomandibular joint trauma, it may lead to degeneration of the joint which may result in ankylosis of the joint if it is left untreated. In case of inflammatory arthropathies, even after the treatment, inflammation of the joint still persists. To suppress the inflammation, patients can be prescribed immunosuppressive treatment. Long term use of immunosuppressants is deleterious and may lead to failure of organs. One more adverse effect of immunosuppressive drugs is that it makes the patient prone for infections if the patient undergoes surgery. Symptoms of temporomandibular joint arthritis include pain on involved side, restricted mouth opening, and difficulty in eating. Origin of pain may be from the joint itself or from the muscles attached to it or from both. The patient will complain of mild to severe pain. The objective of this study is to assess TMJ arthritis in those with above said inflammatory arthropathies. This article is to highlight the peculiarities of TMJ arthritis secondary to those inflammatory arthropathies and how to best manage these ailments, which should guide when referral to a specialist TMJ surgeon is appropriate. The aim of this review is to discuss about the various causes of TMJ arthritis, etiopathogenesis, clinical features, investigations and the management of temporomandibular joint Arthritis.
ABSTRACT
Aim: The aim of this study is to explore the prognostic significance and clinicopathological correlations of the Wnt pathway genes in a cohort of surgically treated patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. Settings and Design: A prospective genetic study on patients with OSCC was carried out during the period from July 2014 to January 2016. Informed consent from patients and institutional ethical approval for the study was obtained and the guidelines were strictly followed for collection of samples. Subjects and Methods: Clinical data and mRNA expression analysis of ten genes in the canonical Wnt pathway were evaluated and their relationships with clinical and demographic variables were studied in 58 tissue samples. Wnt-3a, β-catenin, secreted frizzled-related proteins sFRP-1, sFRP-2, sFRP-4, sFRP-5, Wnt inhibitory factor 1, dickkopf-1, c-MYC, and cyclin-D1 from cancer (n = 29) and normal (n = 29) tissue samples were investigated using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the sample characteristics and clinical variables. If the data were normal, then parametric tests were used; otherwise, nonparametric alternatives were used. All the analyses were carried out using SPSS version 23.0 (IBM SPSS Inc., USA). Results: Expression of sFRP-1, sFRP-2, and sFRP-5 in control samples and expression of c-MYC and cyclin D1 in cancer samples showed statistical significance. Significant expression of Wnt3A was observed among patients who had recurrence and were deceased. Conclusion: Wnt3A, β-catenin, and cyclin D1 are recognized as key components of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. However, in this study, there was no significant expression of all the three genes in OSCC. The proto-oncogene c-MYC showed statistically significant upregulation in cancer tissue samples suggesting that the OSCC among South Indian population is primarily not mediated by the canonical Wnt signaling pathway.