ABSTRACT
Oral Submucous Fibrosis [OSF] is a pre-cancerous condition that has ability to get malignant transformation. The main causative factors of OSF are smoking, betel nut, pan masala, gutka, naswar, chalia etc. The chemicals used in all these cause dysplastic changes into the oral mucosa epithelium and eventually leads to malignant transformation into Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma [OSCC]. The aim of the present study was to observe the dysplastic changes in buccal mucosa associated with smoking in OSF patients. Forty patients of all age groups and both genders were evaluated as per inclusion and exclusion criteria and written informed consent was taken. The study was done at the Department of Pathology [Histopathology Section], Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore. Biopsy specimens from study participants were obtained from Punjab Dental Hospital, Lahore. Punch biopsy was performed under local anesthesia, and the sample size measuring 5mm was taken from the buccal mucosa. Staining with Hematoxylin and eosin [H and E] was done after tissue specimens were fixed and processed. The prepared slides were seen under light microscope to record the dysplastic changes in epithelium. Statistical significance was evaluated by c2 analysis and showed significant association of Age with history of smoking and duration of smoking with the value p=0.001 and p=0.002 respectively. Also the significant association was found between Dysplastic changes in OSF patients with age, history of smoking and duration of smoking [p= 0.05, p=0.00, p=0.03 respectively]. This suggests that patients who are 31-45 years of age with more than 10 years of smoking history showed moderate dysplastic changes than patients age range18-30 with 5 years or less than 10 years of smoking history showed mild dysplastic changes. In local population no such related study has been done so study must be conducted to rule out the dysplastic changes exhibiting in buccal mucosa of OSF patients with smoking history
ABSTRACT
Acid-etching employs dental etchants and is used frequently when bonding dental restoration to teeth. By dissolving minerals in enamel, the etchants remove the outer 10 micrometers on the enamel surface and make a porous layer 5-50 micrometers deep. This roughens the enamel microscopically and results in a greater surface area on which to bond. Acid etching with H3PO4 is not achieved over the entire adhesion surface of the tooth. Sodium Hypochlorite solutions have been used as wound and endodontic irrigant as early as 1920 due to its bactericidal and proteolytic properties. Irrigation of the root canals with sodium hypochiorite solutions is now widely accepted. Removing the organic content from the enamel surface with 5.2% sodium hypochiorite [NaOCl] as a deproteinizing agent prior to phosphoric acid etching has shown promising effect in improving the enamel surface area. However no relevant work has been done in Pakistan, so study must be conducted locally to find out the effect of sodium hypochiorite as a deproteinizing agent before acid etching
ABSTRACT
Dental caries is the most infectious and communicable dental disease of all age groups, which effects overall health of an individual. Childhood caries is a multifactorial dental disease and if left untreated it leads to discomfort, pain and lack of interest in routine activities and ultimately destroys tooth structure and early loss of tooth. Steptococcus mutans [S.mutans] is the main cariogenic microorganism. S.mutans breaks down sugar for energy and produces acidic environment, which causes demineralization of superficial structures of tooth i.e. enamel and dentin resulting in dental caries. It can be transmitted horizontally and vertically. According to the recent studies vertical mode of transmission is more common in preschool children than horizontal. Mainly the transferred genotypes are responsible for the transmission of caries from mothers to their children. There is genotypic diversity in population to population. No such relevant study has been conducted on local population so there is a need to know the main cariogenic genotypes ofS. mutans and its transmission from mothers to their children in local population
ABSTRACT
During mixed dentition period discrepancy between spaces available and required in the arch is predicted so that teeth can erupt freely with good alignment. Mixed dentition space analysis is done for this purpose in which size ofunerupted canine andpremolars is predicted. Accurate prediction is very important regarding correct orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Prediction equation and or tables based on size of already erupted permanent teeth are the most widely used methods. Tooth size varies in different racial and ethnic groups and among genders so prediction equation and tables specific to each population for both male and female must be made. Mandibular incisors; combination ofmandibular incisors and mandibular 1[st] molars; and mandibular incisors and maxillary 1[st] molars have been used worldwide. Recent studies have reported that mandibular incisors are not the best predictors and sum ofmandibular incisors and maxillary 1[st] molars are even more accurate predictor for the estimation of size of unerupted teeth. In Pakistani population combination of mandibular incisors and maxillary 1[st] molar have not been employed so study must be conducted to estimate which combination of group of teeth is more accurate for the estimation of size of unerupted canine and premolars in local population