ABSTRACT
Clinical pharmacy is a health discipline in which pharmacists provide patient care that optimizes rational medication use and promotes health, wellness and disease prevention. The beginnings of clinical pharmacy in Chile were inspired by the origin in the School of Pharmacy of the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), in the mid-1960s. However, the historical development in our country, both in teaching and in the professional field, was accompanied by difficulties and success, which became a long and winding road. This article shares the events that gave rise to its beginnings in Chile, first through teaching, then in pharmacovigilance and clinical pharmacokinetics, to later describe its professional expansion and recognition as a specialty of pharmacy. This article briefly recounts the history of the Chilean clinical pharmacy to this day. Some names of people or institutions were not mentioned. Therefore the authors apologize in advance to pharmacists and organizations whose contribution cannot be recognized in this way. However, we know that this specialty has not been forged only by the names that appear, but by all those who love and respect the work of the clinical pharmacy.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Pharmacy , Pharmacy Service, Hospital/history , Pharmacists , ChileABSTRACT
El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el modelo NRC (1996) nivel I para la predicción de la ganancia diaria de peso en novillas suplementadas bajo condiciones tropicales. Para tal fin, se realizaron dos experimentos. En el experimento 1 se evaluaron 30 novillas divididas en dos grupos de 15 animales cada uno, el grupo suplementado (GS) presentó un peso inicial de 365,27 ± 24,40 kg, recibió concentrado a razón de 1% del peso vivo (5,5% PC, 2,85 Mcal ED) y el no suplementado (GNS) con un peso inicial de 367,47 ± 31,65 kg. En el experimento 2 se utilizaron 45 novillas divididas en dos grupos, el GSb con 22 animales, teniendo un peso inicial de 342,23 ± 36,04 kg se les proporcionó alimento a razón del 1% del peso vivo (13% PC; 3,15 Mcal ED) y el GNSb se constituyó por 23 animales teniendo un peso inicial promedio de 326,30 ± 31,53 kg. En ambos experimentos los animales fueron suplementados a lo largo de 45 días, y estuvieron pastoreando praderas de Estrella Africana (Cynodon nlemfuensis), Candelario (Pennisteum purpureum) y Ratana (Ischaemum indicum). En ambos experimentos no se observaron diferencias (P > 0,05) para los cambios de peso. El GS obtuvo ganancias diarias de peso (GDP) de 0,27 kg/d, mientras que el GNS mostró pérdidas de -0,05 kg/d; en el experimento 2 el GSb presentó GDP de 0,90 kg/d y el GNSb de 0,60 kg/d. La GDP predicha en el experimento 1 fue similar a la ganancia observada para el grupo suplementado (P > 0,05) en contraste con la presentada en el grupo no suplementado en el que la ganancia de peso fue sobrestimada (P < 0,05). En el segundo experimento, la predicción de la GDP tanto para el grupo suplementado como el no suplementado fue subestimada (P < 0,05). El nivel 1 del modelo de simulación NRC no fue apropiado para la predicción de los cambios de peso en novillas bajo condiciones tropicales.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the model NRC level 1 to predict the daily weight gain in heifers supplemented under tropical conditions. For this purpose, two experiments were done, in the first experiment 30 heifers were divided into two groups of fifteen animals each, the supplemented group (GS) showed an initial weight of 365.27 ± 24.40 kg, received commercial concentrate to the ratio of 1% of live weight (5.5% PC 2.85 Mcal ED) and the control group which was not supplemented (GNS) with an initial weight of 367.47 ± 31.65 kg. In the second study 45 heifers were divided in two groups, the GSb with 22 animals having an initial weight of 342.23 ± 36.4 kg and given concentrate to the rate of 1% of live weight (13% PC 3.5 Mcal ED) and the GNSb were made up of 23 animals having an initial average weight of 326.0 ± 31.3 kg. In both trials the animals were supplemented throughout for forty-five days and let them grazed on African Star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis), Candelario grass (Pennisteum purpureum) and Ratana grass (Ischaemum indicum). In both experiments no differences were observed (P > 0.05) in weight change .The GS had daily weight gains (GDP) of 0.27 kg/d while the GNS showed losses of -0.05 kg/d. In the second trial the GSb showed a GDP of 0.90 kg/d and the GNSb of 0.60 kg/d. The predicted GDP of the first experiment was similar in comparison with the observed value for the supplemented group (P > 0.05), in contrast with that presented in the GNS group in which the daily weight gain was over estimated (P < 0.05). In the second trial the GDP predicted for both groups was under estimated (P < 0.05). The level 1 of the NRC simulation model does not seem to be appropriate for predicting changes in weight in heifers under tropical conditions.
ABSTRACT
Santa Cruz and El Gambute, two mangrove systems with associated tidal flats, were sampled in Coiba National Park, Coiba Island, Pacific of Panama. At each site, two samplings were done at low, middle and high intertidal levels in February and November of 1997. A new orbiniid species were found: Orbinia oligopapillata n. sp. is characterized by having 15-16 thoracic chaetigers with four or five rows of uncini and up to three papilliform postchaetal processes on neuropodial lobes by the abdominal parapodia bearing flail-tipped neurochaetae, and by the presence on anterior-most abdominal chaetigers of interramal cirri and a low number of subpodial and stomach papillae. A specimen belonging to genus Leitoscoloplos Day, 1977 is described as "Leitoscoloplos sp.", characterized by the lateral pouches on its abdominal chaetigers, a unique case for the family because these brooding structures have only been previously cited in two species of Scoloplos. Naineris sp. is characterized by the number of its thoracic chaetigers, branchiae, uncini and bilobed abdominal neuropodia with protruding aciculae.
En el Parque Nacional de Coiba, costa pacífica de Panamá, hay manglares con playas asociadas. Estudiamos la fauna de dos poliquetos orbínidos de Santa Cruz y El Gambute. En cada playa se eligieron puntos de muestreo al nivel de marea baja, media y alta y cada uno se realizaron dos muestreos, en febrero y noviembre de 1997. Encontramos individuos no identificables con certeza y una especie nueva: Orbinia oligopapillata n. sp., la cual se caracteriza por tener 15-16 setígeros torácicos con cuatro o cinco filas de uncinos y hasta tres procesos postsetales papiliformes en los lóbulos neuropodiales, por los parápodos abdominales provistos de sedas en bayoneta y por la presencia en los setígeros abdominales anteriores de papilas estomacales en escaso número. Leitoscoloplos sp. se caracteriza por llevar bolsillos laterales en los setígeros abdominales, caracter único en el género y que en la familia solo ha sido citada en dos especies del género Scoloplos. Naineris sp. se caracteriza por el número de setígeros torácicos, sus branquias, sus uncinos y sus neuropodios abdominales, bilobulados y con la acícula sobresaliente.
Subject(s)
Animals , Polychaeta/anatomy & histology , Polychaeta/classification , PanamaABSTRACT
During a study carried out on soft bottoms from Coiba National Park (Panama), 218 specimens of syllids (Annelida: Polychaeta) belonging to 19 interstitial species have been identified. Two species are new reports for the Pacific Ocean, Exogone (Exogone) arenosa Perkins, 1981 and Streptosyllis websteri Southern, 1914; five are new for Panama, E. (E.) dispar (Webster, 1879); E. (E.) longicornis Westheide, 1974; Salvatoria mediodentata (Westheide, 1974); Pionosyllis heterocirrata (Hartmann-Schrõder, 1959) and Syllis glarearia (Westheide, 1974). A characteristic not mentioned in the original description is herein reported for E. (E.) longicornis: the presence of triangular subterminal processes in the spiniger-like compound chaetae of chaetiger one. Specimens of the species Syllis botosaneanui Hartmann-Schrõder, 1973 harboring inside embryos of various stages of development have been found; this is the first report for this species as viviparous. Lastly, one specimen of the genus Syllis has been found that is mainly characterized by its long pharynx, two dorsal prostomial lobes, and compound chaetae with short blades and long spinulation. Because we consider that one specimen is not sufficient to describe a new species we refer it as Syllis sp.
Durante un estudio sobre la fauna marina del Parque Nacional de Coiba (Panamá) se identificaron 281 ejemplares de sílidos (Annelida: Polychaeta) intersticiales pertenecientes a 19 especies. Dos son nuevas citas para el Pacífico, Exogone (Exogone) arenosa Perkins, 1981 y Streptosyllis websteri Southern, 1914; cinco son nuevas citas para Panamá, E. (E.) dispar (Webster, 1879), E. (E.) longicornis Westheide, 1974, Salvatoria mediodentata (Westheide, 1974); Pionosyllis heterocirrata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1959) y Syllis glarearia (Westheide, 1974). Se describe un caracter no presente en la descripción original de E. Longicornis, la presencia de procesos triangulares subterminales en la primera pseudospinígera. Se describen ejemplares de la especie Syllis botosaneanui Hartmann-Schröder, 1973 con embriones en diverso estado de desarrollo en su interior, por lo que se trata de la primera referencia de esta especie como vivípara. Por último, se describe un ejemplar de Syllis sp., que se caracteriza fundamentalmente por la posesión de una larga faringe, dos lóbulos prostomiales dorsales y por sus sedas compuestas de artejos cortos y larga espinulación. Estas características diferencian a Syllis sp. de cualquier especie del género pero no se describe como especie nueva por disponerse únicamente de un solo ejemplar.
Subject(s)
Animals , Polychaeta/anatomy & histology , Conservation of Natural Resources , Panama , Polychaeta/classificationABSTRACT
The aim of the present study was to study the trypanocidal activity of nanoparticles loaded with nifurtimox in comparison with the free drug against Trypanosoma cruzi, responsible for Chagas' disease. Ethylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles acted as the delivery system into cells. As the obligate replicative intracellular form is amastigote, in vitro studies were performed on this form of parasite as well as on cell culture derived trypomastigotes. The fluorescence method used here was very useful as it allowed for the simultaneous study of trypanocide activity and cytotoxicity by determining living or dead parasites within living or dead host cells. According to these results, the greatest trypanocide activity on cell culture-derived trypomastigotes was recorded for nifurtimox-loaded nanoparticles with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) twenty times less than that of the free drug. The cytotoxicity of unloaded nanoparticles at low concentrations was similar to that obtained by free drug when evaluated on Vero cells. Furthermore, nifurtimox-loaded nanoparticles showed increased trypanocide activity on intracellular amastigotes with an IC50 thirteen times less than that of nifurtimox. We also observed that the unloaded nanoparticles possess the previously-described trypanocide activity, similar to the standard solution of nifurtimox, although the mechanism for this has not yet been elucidated. In conclusion, it was possible to establish in vitro conditions using nifurtimox encapsulated nanoparticles in order to decrease the doses of the drug and thus to obtain high trypanocidal activity on both free trypomastigotes and intracellular amastigotes with low cytotoxicity for the host cell.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cyanoacrylates , Nifurtimox , Trypanocidal Agents , Trypanosoma cruzi , Capsules , Cell Survival , Cyanoacrylates , Nifurtimox , Trypanocidal Agents , Vero CellsABSTRACT
En cuatro campañas científicas al Parque Nacional de Coiba, Panamá, (1996-1998), se han hallado 19 especies de la familia Syllidae (subfamilias Autolytinae, Eusyllinae y Exogoninae). Se citan por primera vez para el Pacífico oriental cuatro especies: Eusyllis lamelligera Marion & Bobretzky, 1875, Exogone exmouthensis Hartmann-Schröder, 1980, Proceraea cf. cornuta (Agassiz, 1863) y Sphaerosyllis (S.) magnidentata Perkins, 1981. Diez especies se citan por primera vez para las costas del Pacífico de América Central: Amblyosyllis cf. granosa Ehlers, 1897 (sensu Westheide 1974), Amblyosyllis speciosa Izuka, 1912, Autolytus multidenticulatus Westheide, 1974, Exogone naidinoides Westheide, 1974, Grubeosyllis concinna Westheide, 1974, Odontosyllis fulgurans, (Audouin & Milne Edwars, 1833), Opisthodonta mitcheli Kudenov & Harris, 1995, Pionosyllis articulata Kudenov & Harris, 1995, Sphaerosyllis (S.) californiensis Hartman, 1966, Syllides cf. reishi Dorsey, 1978. La especie más dominante en las muestras de Pocillopora ssp. muerto, es S. armillaris con más del 50% de los ejemplares identificados y en las muestras de Telesto cf. multiflora las especies más abundante es G. concinna (67.36%). Por otro lado, una cuarta parte de las especies que aparecen en las muestras tomadas están restringidas a las aguas cálidas del Pacífico. Un 22% de las especies aparecen en Atlántico y Pacífico, y más del 13% son aparentemente circuntropicales y otro tanto aparentemente cosmopolitas.
Subject(s)
Animals , Polychaeta , Species Specificity , PanamaABSTRACT
Se registran 40 especies de Sílidos (Polychaeta: Syllidae) que habitan las praderas de la fanerógama marina Thalassia testudinum en el Parque Nacional Morrocoy, Venezuela, pertenecientes a 13 géneros, de las que 36 especies resultan nuevas para Venezuela: Branchiosyllis exilis, B. oculata, Eusyllis lamelligera, Exogone arenosa, E. breviantennata, E. naidinoides, E. naidina, E. parahomoseta mediterranea, Grubeosyllis clavata, G. heterocirra, Odontosyllis detecta, O. enopla, O. gibba, Opisthosyllis brunnea, Plakosyllis brevipes, Sphaerosyllis bilobata, S. glandulata, S. magnidentata, S. piriferopsis, S. riseri, S. longilamina, S. taylori, Syllis alosae, Syllis riojai, S. beneliahui, S. broomensis, S. cornuta, S. corallicola, S. garciai, S. hyalina, S. lutea, S. mexicana, S. prolifera, S. sardai y Xenosyllis scabra.
Subject(s)
Animals , Polychaeta , Caribbean Region , Species Specificity , Polychaeta , VenezuelaABSTRACT
Four expeditions were made to Coiba National Park between 1996 and 1998 to characterize this part of the poorly known Panamian Pacific polychaete fauna. The samples were collected by SCUBA diving, either by removing 4 kg blocks of dead coral (Pocillopora sp.) or scraping off 25 x 25 cm quadrats of Telesto multiflora or algae (Dyctiota cf. flavellata, Padina cf. durvillaei and another currently unidentified species). This paper deals with the Syllinae from hard substrates. Twenty-two species belonging to six genera of the subfamily Syllinae Grube, 1850 (Syllidae: Polychaeta) are reported. A new species, Syllis castroviejoi, is described. Four species are newly reported for the Eastern Pacific: Syllis beneliahuae (Campoy & Alquézar, 1982), S. botosaneanui (Hartmann-Schröder, 1973), S. corallicola Verrill, 1900 and S. garciai (Campoy, 1982), and, likewise, two species are first reports for the Central American Pacific coast: Branchiosyllis pacifica Rioja, 1941 and Syllis truncata Haswell, 1920. Two species, Syllis magna (Westheide, 1974) and S. pigmentata (Chamberlin, 1919), are newly reported for Panama.
Subject(s)
Animals , Polychaeta , Panama , PolychaetaABSTRACT
Se realizaron varios experimentos de cultivo en Plantago major L. (llantén) sobre suelo ferralítico rojo hidratado de la Estación Experimental de Plantas Medicinales "Dr. Juan T. Roig" durante 4 años para determinar la distancia de plantación (45 cm entre surcos y 15, 20, 25 y 30 cm entre plantas); la frecuencia de cosecha (cada 25, 30, 35 y 45 d, iniciadas a los 45 d después del trasplante); el rendimiento total de semillas en 12 recolecciones iniciadas a las 14 semanas del trasplante y el número de hojas e inflorescencias por planta. Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron con la distancia de plantación de 45 x 20 cm y frecuencia de cosecha a intervalos de 45 d, donde se lograron en 3 cortes del follaje rendimiento fresco de 33,4 t/ha. Con relación al rendimiento de semillas/ha, el máximo se encontró en la octava colecta de frutos y no se hallaron diferencias estadísticas apreciables en el cultivo plantado a 45 x 20 ó 45 x 30 cm, con valores totales entre 1,5 - 2,0 t/ha de semillas
Subject(s)
Medicine, Traditional , Plantago majorABSTRACT
Background: it is not clear if old age is a risk factor for adverse drug reactions. Aim: to study the incidence of adverse drug reactions and the effect of age n patients admitted to and Internal Medicine Service in an university hospital. Patients and methods: two hundred one patients, hospitalized at the Clinical Hospital of the Catholic University, were studied. These patients were followed using a prospective pharmacological surveillance method. For statistical purposes patients aged 65 years old or older were compared with those younger than 65 years old. Results: patients over 65 years old bad a 33 percent incidence of adverse drug reactions, mainly involving cardiovascular system and provoking metabolic disturbances. Younger subyects bad a 24 percent incidence of adverse drug reactions, mainly involving the gastrointestinal system and the skin. Sixteen percent of adverse drug reactions were classified as severe and the was a direct relationship between its frequency and the number of drugs prescribed, the hospitalization length and the presence of renal failure. Younger patients with adverse drug reactions bad lower serum albumin levels than those without adverse reactions. This relationship was not observed in older patients. Conclusions: the frequency of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients, is related to the number of drugs prescribed and the lengib of hospitalization
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems/statistics & numerical data , Risk Factors , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/complications , Renal Insufficiency/complications , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Severity of Illness IndexABSTRACT
Se informa que Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don, especie medicinal muy apreciada por presentar alcaloides de acción cistostática y cardiotónica en el follaje y las raices, se sembró en la Estación Experimental de Plantas Medicinales "Dr. Juan Tomás Roig" en los meses de febrero y mayo, y cosechadas a las edades de 6, 7 y 8 meses. Los resultados demostraron que los rendimientos de follaje fresco de la siembra de mayo fueron notablemente superiores a los de febrero, pero con tendencias inversa; en la de febrero las plantas de 8 meses produjeron valores significativamente superiores a las de las otras edades., mientras que en la de mayo los más bajos rendimientos correspondieron a la de 8 meses, por lo que el momento de la cosecha está en dependencia de la fecha de siembra