ABSTRACT
Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the serum/plasma levels of zinc, vitamin C and E in male subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus to establish their concentration pattern.Place and Duration of Study: Medical outpatient clinic, Chemical Pathology Laboratory of Enugu State University of Science and Technology Teaching Hospital, between January and December 2016.Methodology: This prospective cohort study enrolled 40 male individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 40 apparently healthy control, within the age range of 45-75 years. Zinc, vitamin C, vitamin E, and fasting blood glucose levels were determined at pre-treatment, six months and 12 months into treatment. Results: The mean values of zinc, vitamin E and fasting blood glucose were significantly higher at pre-treatment compared to apparently healthy control values (147. 76 +/-32.95 vs 114.31+/-15.58 μg/dl,11.88+/-3.13 vs 3.42+/-0.21mg/dl and 8.08 +/-3.22vs 5.25+/-0.35 mmol/l respectively) (p=<0.001, <0.001, and <0.001 respectively). At 6 month into treatment in comparison to pre-treatment values, there were significant decreases in vitamin C (3.90+/-0.97 vs 5.15+/-1.43 mg/dl) (p= 0.04). At 12 month into treatment in comparison to pre-treatment values, there were significant decreases in vitamin C (3.25+/-0.16 vs 5.15+/-1.43 mg/dl) (p= <0.001). At pre-treatment, vitamin C significantly decrease from 6.49+/-0.96mg/dl in age group 45-64 years to 4.10+/-0.76mg/dl in age >65 years (p=0.01).Conclusion:The levels of vitamin C were lower at six months, but lowest at 12 month into treatment. Also vitamin C levels were found to be lower in age >65 years.
ABSTRACT
Background: A number of processes regulating the thrombolytic balance are impaired in diabetic patients as a result of dysfunction of endothelial cells leading to a hypercoagulative state. Von Willebrand factor (VWF) is an important marker of endothelial dysfunction. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 antigen (PAI-1-Ag), the major physiological inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), is mainly produced by endothelium. The aim of this study is to measure plasma levels of von Willebrand factor, Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 antigen in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and to correlate with glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Study Design: This prospective cohort study was conducted on 30 diagnosed type 2 DM patients who were about to start treatment. Place and Duration of Study: Medical outpatient (MOP) clinic of Enugu State University of Science and Technology Teaching Hospital (ESUTTH), between January and December 2016. Methodology: We included 30 patients (13 men, 17 women; age range 40-80 years) with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Blood samples were drawn from the patients before they commenced treatment, six months into the treatment and at twelve months of the treatment. Blood samples were also drawn from 25 age matched non diabetic patients. Plasma von Willebrand factor and Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 antigen levels were determined by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels were also evaluated along with them. Results: This study was conducted on 30 type 2 DM patients consisting of 13 males and 17 females. At treatment naïve, mean levels of vWF were significantly increased (45.48 +/- 6.46) in male type 2 Diabetic patients compared to the control (20.45 +/- 0.26). Six months into treatment mean levels of vWF were significantly increased (48.18 +/- 4.99) in female type 2 Diabetic patients compared to the control (37.64 +/- 7.93). The plasma levels of vWF were significantly and positively correlated with HbA1c at six months into treatment in male type 2 DM patients. The plasma levels of vWF were also significantly and positively correlated with PAI-1 at six and twelve months into treatment in both genders. Conclusion: There was strong significant positive correlation between plasma levels of vWF and PAI-1 in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
ABSTRACT
Background: One of the biggest challenges in blood donation particularly in Nigeria is the recruitment and retention of voluntary non-remunerated, low cost blood donors. Aims: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of repeated blood donations on iron stores and the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among the male blood donors in the Enugu State, Nigeria. Study Design: In this case-control study, two hundred and twenty three randomly selected male blood donors, were grouped into six categories according to the number of units of blood donated in one year, two years, three years and the last group were on their 4th year. Place and Duration of Study: Haematology and blood bank laboratory unit, Enugu State University of Science and Technology Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria: April 2012 to December 2012. Methodology: Prior to blood donation, blood samples of 202 directed/regular male blood donors and twenty one apparently healthy men with no previous history of blood donation (aged 18- 40years) were collected. Donors were grouped into 0, ≤ 3, 4-6, 7-9, 10-12 and > 13 categories based on the number of units of blood donated. Results: Iron depletion was seen in 1.3% in group 2 (1-3 times) and also in 13.3% of group 4 (7-9 times), iron deficiency was present in 4.4% of group 3 (4-6 times) and in 20% of group 6 (13-15 times) and iron deficiency anaemia was discovered in 4.4% of group 3 (4-6 times). Blood donors with more than seven times instances of blood donation (P<0.05) showed a significant relationship between iron depletion and iron deficiency. Conclusion: This study showed that iron deficiency anaemia in blood donors can occur as a result of increase in number of units of blood donated and also based on iron status of individual at time of donation. Based on findings of this study ferritin test should be done on all male blood donors in Enugu before donating any unit of blood to find out the appropriate time to start iron supplement.