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Resumen Este trabajo abordar una reflexión sobre el impacto de la pandemia COVID19 sobre la salud mental de los trabajadores, y en particular, sobre las condiciones del teletrabajo. Para ello se recupera y analiza diferentes documentos de organismos internacionales y diferentes publicaciones científicas especializadas. De la información recuperada se señala que la pandemia no sólo ha tenido importantes efectos sobre la salud mental de los trabajadores de primera línea, sino también, sobre los trabajadores que debieron migrar repentinamente hacia los entornos virtuales, sin demasiada organización previa. No obstante, un aspecto positivo se refleja en la organización de diferentes dispositivos de atención de la salud mental remota, implementados para la atención de poblaciones vulnerables, trabajadores de primera línea y población general. Se concluye enfatizando la importancia del desarrollo de políticas públicas para la atención específica de la salud mental de los trabajadores.
Abstract This review addresses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on workers' mental health, in particular, teleworking conditions. Our analysis is based on documents from several international organizations and specialized scientific publications. The retrieved information reveals that the pandemic has had a significant effect on the mental health of frontline workers and employees who had to migrate to a virtual environment without prior warning. However, a positive aspect is reflected in the development of several remote mental health care devices implemented to protect vulnerable population, frontline workers, and the general population. Finally, this paper underscores the importance of developing public policies for protecting workers' mental health.
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Abstract Objectives The present study aimed to evaluate the measurement invariance of a general measure of the perception of governmental responses to COVID--19 (COVID-SCORE-10) in the general population of 13 Latin American countries. Methods A total of 5780 individuals from 13 Latin American and Caribbean countries selected by non-probabilistic snowball sampling participated. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed and the alignment method was used to evaluate invariance. Additionally, a graded response model was used for the assessment of item characteristics. Results The results indicate that there is approximate measurement invariance of the COVID-SCORE-10 among the participating countries. Furthermore, IRT results suggest that the COVID-SCORE-10 measures with good psychometric ability a broad spectrum of the construct assessed, especially around average levels. Comparison of COVID-SCORE-10 scores indicated that participants from Cuba, Uruguay and El Salvador had the most positive perceptions of government actions to address the pandemic. Thus, the underlying construct of perception of government actions was equivalent in all countries. Conclusion The results show the importance of initially establishing the fundamental measurement properties and MI before inferring the cross-cultural universality of the construct to be measured.
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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a very negative impact on people's overall mental health and psychosocial well-being, but the study of available social support to cope with such an adverse situation has received hardly any attention. Objective: To examine the psychometric properties of the MOS Perceived Social Support Questionnaire among the Mexican population in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Non-experimental cross-sectional study. A sociodemographic questionnaire and the Medical Outcomes Study were applied in a non-probabilistic sample. A total of 898 people from different regions in Mexico, 258 males and 640 females, participated in the study in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: The analysis yielded a bi-factor model with two factors, Emotional/informational support and Tangible support, with satisfactory goodness of fit indices. Reliability was adequate with a high hierarchical omega coefficient, as well as in the factors. Likewise, the H coefficient was adequate in the general factor and its dimensions. Conclusions: Results showed that the scale is a valid and reliable measure of perceived social support among the Mexican population.
Introducción: La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto muy negativo en la salud mental y el bienestar psicosocial general de las personas, pero el estudio del apoyo social disponible para hacer frente a una situación tan adversa como esta ha recibido muy poca atención. Objetivo: Examinar las propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario MOS de Apoyo Social Percibido en población mexicana en contexto de pandemia por COVID-19. Método: Diseño no experimental transversal. Se aplicó un cuestionario sociodemográfico y el Medical Outcomes Study en una muestra no probabilística por conveniencia. Participaron 898 personas de diferentes regiones de México, 258 hombres y 640 mujeres, durante el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19. Resultados: El análisis arrojó un modelo Bi-factor de dos factores Apoyo emocional/ informacional y Apoyo tangible, con índices de bondad que se ajustaron a los datos. La fiabilidad fue adecuada con un coeficiente de omega jerárquico alto, así como en los factores. Asimismo, el coeficiente H fue adecuado en el factor general y sus dimensiones. Conclusiones: La escala presenta validez y confiabilidad para medir el apoyo social percibido en población mexicana.
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ABSTRACT Verbal fluency tasks are frequently used in neuropsychological assessment, standing out for their easy application and good sensitivity to early cognitive impairment. However, in Argentina, the availability of updated norms is limited, especially for the action fluency variant. There is also little evidence of validity. Objectives: The aim of this study was to obtain Argentine norms for three verbal fluency tasks and to analyze their convergent validity. Methods: Using a nonprobability sampling method, 303 Argentines from a nonclinical population (age mean=66.8, 50-91 years) were recruited to participate in this study. Those with medical conditions that could compromise neuropsychological performance were excluded. Three verbal fluency tasks (i.e., phonological, semantic, and action), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test, and the Digit Span-WAIS III test were administered. Correlations and multiple regressions were subsequently performed. Results: Education and age significantly explained 11.8% of the variance in phonological fluency, 15.8% of the variance in semantic fluency, and 20.2% of the variance in action fluency. Hence, the normative data varied according to educational level and age group, with normal performance limit values between 9 and 14 for phonological fluency, 11 and 18 for semantic fluency, and 8 and 17 for action fluency. Positive correlations were obtained between all verbal fluency tasks, as well as between the MoCA test and the Digit Span test. Conclusions: This study supports the applicability of three verbal fluency tasks in an Argentine context by providing age- and education-corrected norms and acceptable evidence of convergent validity.
RESUMO As tarefas de fluência verbal são frequentemente utilizadas na avaliação neuropsicológica, destacando-se pela facilidade de aplicação e boa sensibilidade ao comprometimento cognitivo incipiente. No entanto, na Argentina, a disponibilidade de padrões atualizados é limitada, especialmente pela variante de fluência de ações. Assim sendo, a evidência de validade é escassa. Objetivos: Obter normas argentinas para três tarefas de fluência verbal e analisar sua validade convergente. Métodos: Usando um método de amostragem não probabilística, 303 argentinos de uma população não clínica (idade M=66,8, 50-91 anos) foram recrutados para participar deste estudo. Foram excluídos aqueles com condições médicas que pudessem comprometer o desempenho neuropsicológico. Três tarefas de fluência verbal (ou seja, fonológica, semântica e ações), o teste Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) e o teste Digit Span-WAIS III foram administrados. Correlações e regressão múltipla foram realizadas posteriormente. Resultados: A escolaridade e a idade explicaram significativamente 11,8% da variância da fluência fonológica, 15,8% da variância da fluência semântica e 20,2% da variância da fluência de ações. Assim, os dados normativos variaram de acordo com a escolaridade e a faixa etária, com limite de desempenho normal entre 9 e 14 para fluência fonológica, 11 e 18 para fluência semântica e 8 e 17 para fluência de ações. Foram obtidas correlações positivas entre todas as tarefas de fluência verbal, bem como entre estas, o teste MoCA e o Digit Span. Conclusões: Este estudo apoia a aplicabilidade de três tarefas de fluência verbal no contexto argentino, fornecendo normas corrigidas por idade e educação e evidências aceitáveis de validade convergente.
Subject(s)
Humans , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Speech Disorders , Neuropsychological Tests , ArgentinaABSTRACT
ABSTRACT The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was created by Marshal Folstein et al. in 1975 as an instrument for brief (5-10 min) assessment of mental status in hospitalized patients. It is considered the most widely used test for standardized cognitive assessment in the clinical setting, especially with the elderly population. It has countless translations in different languages, and according to the different international (PubMed) and regional (SciELO, Redalyc, and Dialnet) scientific databases, it has been widely used by the scientific community. This article describes the historical evolution of the MMSE, highlights its evaluative properties, and provides bibliometric data on its impact on scientific publications, with a special focus on Ibero-America.
RESUMO El Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) fue creado por Marshal Folstein et al. en 1975 como un instrumento para la evaluación breve (5-10 minutos) del estado mental de pacientes hospitalizados. Se lo considera la prueba más utilizada para la evaluación cognitiva estandarizada en el ámbito clínico, especialmente con la población adulta mayor. Tiene innumerables traducciones a diferentes idiomas y de acuerdo con las diferentes bases de datos científicas internacionales (PudMed) y regionales (Scielo, Redalyc y Dialnet) se puede constatar que ha sido ampliamente utilizada por la comunidad científica. En este trabajo se describe la evolución histórica del MMSE, se destacan sus propiedades evaluativas y se indican datos bibliométricos acerca de su impacto en las publicaciones científicas, con especial énfasis en IberoAmérica.
Subject(s)
Humans , Mental Status and Dementia Tests , Latin America , Cognitive Dysfunction , NeuropsychologyABSTRACT
Resumen Este trabajo aborda el origen y el desarrollo del síndrome pos-COVID-19, el cual consiste en la persistencia a través del tiempo de diferentes síntomas como consecuencia de la infección por SARS-CoV-2. A partir de una revisión narrativa de la literatura científica, se realiza un breve recorrido sobre el nuevo término y se precisa la definición conceptual, los síntomas característicos, las diversas implicaciones en la salud de las personas y las respuestas de atención específica que se han implementado. Se concluye con una llamada de atención a los gobiernos de América Latina y el Caribe para dar tratamiento y seguimiento a este problema de salud pública.
Abstract This work addresses the origin and development of post-COVID-19 syndrome, which consists of the persistence of different symptoms over time as a consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Based on a narrative review of the scientific literature, a brief analysis of the new term is made, specifying the conceptual definition, characteristic symptoms, the various implications for people's health, and the responses to specific care measures that have been implemented. It concludes with a wake-up call to the governments of Latin America and the Caribbean in order for care and surveillance to be provided to this public health problem.
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RESUMEN Introducción: La literatura científica indica que hay relación entre la vitamina D (VitD) y el inicio, el tratamiento y el pronóstico de la depresión. Sin embargo, esta línea de investigación continúa siendo motivo de controversia. El propósito del trabajo es analizar la relación entre la depresión y los valores de VitD, controlando por la influencia de la estación. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional y transversal. La muestra quedó conformada por 150 voluntarias adultas (edad, 28-78 arios). Se estratificó la muestra en 3 grupos: depresión sin tratamiento, depresión en tratamiento con antidepresivos y sin depresión (control). Se compararon los valores de VitD. Resultados: Se hallaron diferencias significativas entre los 3 grupos de comparación. El grupo con depresión sin tratamiento obtuvo los valores de VitD más bajos (media, 18,62 ± 8,42 ng/ml), compatibles con una insuficiencia grave. El grupo de participantes con depresión en tratamiento obtuvo valores más altos que el grupo anterior, aunque en la franja de insufi ciencia (23,80 ± 11,30 ng/ml). El tercer grupo (control) obtuvo los valores más altos y acordes con el intervalo deseable (30,19 ± 10,21 ng/ml). No hubo diferencias de edad entre los grupos. Al controlar por posibles efectos de la estación del año, las diferencias previas de VitD entre los 3 grupos se mantuvieron, con un descenso ostensible de todas las medias en el periodo invernal. Conclusiones: La depresión se asocia con valores de VitD insuficientes. El tratamiento con antidepresivos mejora esos valores, aunque continúan siendo insuficientes. Los hallazgos de este estudio refuerzan la evidencia de una asociación entre la depresión y la VitD.
ABSTRACT Introduction: The scientific literature suggests a relationship between vitamin D (VitD) and the onset, treatment and prognosis of depression. However, this line of research continues to be controversial. The aim of the study was to analyse the relationship between depression and VitD values, controlling for the influence of the season. Material and methods: Observational and cross-sectional study. The sample was made up of 150 adult female volunteer participants (aged between 28 and 78 years). The sample was stratified into three groups: a) depression without treatment, b) depression under treat ment with antidepressants, and c) without depression (control). VitD values (ng/ml) were compared. Results: Significant differences were found between the three groups surveyed. The group of participants with depression without treatment obtained the lowest VitD values (mean 18.62 ng/ml; SD 8.42), compatible with severe insufficiency. The group of participants with depression in treatment obtained higher values than the previous group, although in an insufficient range (mean 23.80 ng/ml; SD 11.30). The third group (control) obtained the hig hest values and in accordance with the desirable range (mean 30.19 ng/ml; SD 10.21). There were no age differences between the groups. When controlling for possible effects of the season, the previous differences in VitD between the three groups were maintained, with an evident decrease of all the mean levels in the winter period. Conclusions: Depression is associated with insufficient VitD values. Treatment with antidepressants improves these values, although they continue to be insufficient. The findings of this study reinforce the evidence for an association between depression and VitD.
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Este artículo analiza el estado de salud mental de población adulta de México en el contexto de pandemia ocasionada por el virus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Participaron 899 participantes de diferentes regiones de México Medad = 34. 8, DE= 11.38, mujeres= 641, hombres=258, durante el contexto de pandemia por COVID-19. Los instrumentos aplicados fueron la Escala de Miedo al COVID-19 (FCV-19S), la Escala para el Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada (GAD-7), el Test de Propósito de Vida (PIL), el Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente (PHQ-9) y el Cuestionario Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) para el apoyo social. La aplicación se realizó de manera individual, durante el período del 12 de junio al 14 de septiembre de 2020. Los resultados indicaron que los participantes no presentaron síntomas agudos de miedo hacia la COVID-19. No obstante, se encontró presencia considerable de ansiedad generalizada y de depresión en diferentes niveles. El apoyo social y propósito de vida se encuentran presentes, contrarrestando la ansiedad y la depresión, mientras que el miedo y la cantidad de horas de exposición a pensamientos sobre COVID-19 contribuyeron de forma positiva a estas variables psicológicas. Se concluye que la crisis sanitaria ocasionada por COVID-19 ha impactado fuertemente en la salud mental de los participantes, no obstante, existen fortalezas como el apoyo social y el propósito de vida que ayudan a sobrellevar los efectos de la pandemia y se debería trabajar en ellas para promover la salud mental durante los momentos de la crisis sanitaria(AU)
This paper analyzes the status of mental health of the adult population of Mexico in the context of the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19). This article analyzes the mental health status of the adult population of Mexico in the context of the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19). A total of 899 participants from different regions of Mexico participated, M age = 34.8, SD= 11.38, women= 641, men=258, during the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The instruments applied were the COVID-19 Fear Scale (FCV-19S), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), the Purpose I Life Test (PIL), the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ -9) and the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Questionnaire for social support. The application was carried out individually, during the period from June 12 to September 14, 2020. The results indicated that the participants did not present acute symptoms of fear towards COVID-19. However, a considerable presence of generalized anxiety and depression was found at different levels. Social support and life purpose are present, counteracting anxiety and depression, while fear and the number of hours of exposure to thoughts about COVID-19 contributed positively to these psychological variables. It is concluded that the health crisis caused by COVID-19 has strongly impacted on the mental health of the participants; however, there are strengths such as social support and life purpose that help to cope with the effects of the pandemic. Therefore, these two strengths should be worked on to promote mental health during times of health crisis(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Mental Health , COVID-19 , Mexico , Population , Signs and Symptoms , Pandemics , Patient Health QuestionnaireABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has not only had health, economic, and political impacts, but also significant psychosocial and mental health consequences worldwide. In this article, different documentation and studies on mental health were analyzed, with the aim of identifying the various problems detected during the pandemic. Methodologically, a narrative and integrative review of the scientific literature was carried out. In Latin America, the most recent studies have documented and made patent effects on the various vulnerized populations such as migrants, women, children, the elderly, people living with significant disabilities, people experiencing marked housing and food insecurity, and temporary workers laboring in what has been referred to as the informal economy. In light of this, it is proposed that addressing these issues should involve the coordination of transnational policies and the definition of an agenda of critical priorities to focus and address. For this to come about, it is important that the empirical evidence generated by regional epidemiological studies contribute to the design of public policies on mental health of the Latin American population, so that they reduce the negative effects as well as prevent the future consequences of a pandemic that is not yet over.(AU)
A pandemia da COVID-19 no mundo tem impactado a área da saúde, os setores da economia e da política e também tem gerado consequências psicossociais, repercutindo de forma significativa no campo da saúde mental. Este estudo de revisão sistemática analisou diversos documentos e pesquisas abordando saúde mental e COVID-19, bem como problematicas geradas durante a pandemia. A metodologia de pesquisa envolveu revisão narrativa e integrativa da literatura científica. Na América Latina, os estudos mais recentes apresentam os inúmeros efeitos da COVID-19 em populações vulneráveis: imigrantes, mulheres, crianças, idosos, pessoas em situação de rua, trabalhadores informais, etc. Diante desse panorama, propõe-se que a abordagem dessas questões inclua a coordenação de políticas transnacionais e a definição de uma agenda de prioridades críticas a serem consideradas. Os resultados empíricos de estudos epidemiológicos realizados em âmbito regional contribuíram para o desenho de políticas públicas em saúde mental da população latino-americana com o objetivo de reduzir os efeitos negativos e prevenir riscos futuros de uma pandemia que ainda não terminou.(AU)
La pandemia por el COVID-19 no sólo ha generado diversos impactos en materia de salud, economía y política, sino también importantes consecuencias psicosociales y de salud mental en el mundo. En este trabajo, se analizaron diferentes documentaciones y estudios sobre salud mental, con el objetivo de recuperar las diversas problemáticas detectadas durante la pandemia. Metodológicamente se realizó una revisión narrativa e integrativa de la literatura científica. En América Latina los estudios más recientes comienzan a visualizar diferentes afectaciones sobre las diversas poblaciones vulneralizadas: migrantes, mujeres, niños, los ancianos, personas quienes viven con una discapacidad significativa, personas en situación de calle, trabajadores informales, etc. Frente a este panorama, se plantea que el abordaje de estas cuestiones deberá contar con la coordinación de políticas trasnacionales y la definición de una agenda de prioridades críticas a focalizar y atender. Para esto resulta importante que la evidencia empírica generada por los estudios epidemiológicos regionales contribuya al diseño de las políticas públicas sobre salud mental de la población latinoamericana, de modo que las mismas logren reducir los efectos negativos como también puedan prevenir las consecuencias futuras de una pandemia que todavía no ha finalizado.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Public Policy , Mental Health , Psychosocial Impact , Vulnerable Populations , Pandemics , COVID-19 , Health PolicyABSTRACT
Abstract The occurrence of ectoparasites in wild nutria is poorly understood. Fifty-five livetrapped wild nutria (Myocastor coypus) from its indigenous region were examined for ectoparasites after capture from December 2013 to December 2014. The captures came from the Buenos Aires Province, by far the area of the country most densely populated by nutria, characterized as a temperate grassland, which are prime areas for sustained agriculture. Only one species of chewing lice (Pitrufquenia coypus, Marelli, 1932), one flea (Nosopsyllus fasciatus, Bosc, 1800) and one tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Latreille, 1806) were collected. Fourteen percent of the animals were infested and P.coypus, an obligate parasite of the nutria, which was the most prevalent ectoparasite. N. fasciatus and R. sanguineus occurrence remains controversial as they may or may not be some accidental host species. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive and systematic survey of ectoparasites in wild nutria from the southern hemisphere, the indigenous region of this species.
Resumo A ocorrência de ectoparasitas em nutria selvagem é pouco compreendido. Cinquenta e cinco nutria selvagem capturadas (Myocastor coypus) de sua região indígena foram examinados para os ectoparasitas após até captura a partir de dezembro de 2013 a dezembro de 2014. As capturas ocorreram no estado de Buenos Aires, a área mais densamente povoada do país por nutria, caraterizada como uma pastagem temperada, que se tornou área principal para a agricultura sustentável. Uma espécie de piolhos de mastigação (Pitrufquenia coypus, Marelli, 1932), uma pulga (Nosopsyllus fasciatus, Bosc, 1800) e um carrapato (Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Latreille, 1806) foram recolhidos. Catorze por cento dos animais foram infestadas pelo P.coypus, um parasita obrigatório do nutria, sendo o ectoparasita mais prevalente. A ocorrência de N. fasciatus e R. sanguineus continua controversa, pois podem ou não ser algumas espécies hospedeiras acidentais. Para nosso conhecimento, este é o primeiro estudo abrangente e sistemático de ectoparasitas em nutria selvagem do hemisfério sul, a região indígena desta espécie.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rodentia/parasitology , Mite Infestations/veterinary , Argentina/epidemiology , Prevalence , Mite InfestationsABSTRACT
El Síndrome de ovario poliquístico (SOP) constituye la endocrinopatía más frecuente en las mujeres en edad reproductiva. En los últimos años se avanzó considerablemente en la comprensión clínica y fisiopatológica del SOP. Sin embargo los aspectos comportamentales del SOP continúan siendo menos claros. El objetivo del actual trabajo radicó en revisar las alteraciones en el ánimo y en el rendimiento cognitivo en mujeres con SOP. Se buscaron artículos originales publicados en las bases de datos Pubmed y Science direct (lapso 2006-2015). Se concluye que las mujeres con SOP experimentan con frecuencia depresión y trastornos de ansiedad. El índice de masa corporal resultó el principal predictor de psicopatología. Un estudio longitudinal de grandes dimensiones desestimó un mayor riesgo para trastornos bipolares. Por otro lado algunos estudios señalaron dificultades en el rendimiento cognitivo en mujeres con SOP, particularmente en funciones verbales. En cuanto a un supuesto perfil cognitivo más masculino en el SOP, existen evidencias a favor y evidencias en contra. En fin, no es posible confirmar la presencia de déficits cognitivos, ni tampoco un perfil específico en el SOP, ya que la investigación sobre sus aspectos cognitivos continúa siendo muy escasa. Respecto a los mecanismos explicativos de las alteraciones comportamentales del SOP, se propone la existencia tanto de factores biológicos como psicosocioculturales. Por último, y a raíz de la revisión actual, se sugiere asignar mayor relevancia clínica a los trastornos asociados al ánimo en mujeres con SOP e incrementar la investigación sobre los aspectos cognitivos de esta enfermedad...
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disease in women of reproductive age. In recent years substantial progress was made in the clinical and pathophysiological understanding of PCOS. However the behavioral aspects of PCOS are still less clear. The aim of the present work was to review the changes in mood and cognitive performance in women with PCOS. We searched for original articles published in the databases Pubmed and Science direct (period 2006-2015). It is concluded that women with PCOS frequently experience depression and anxiety disorders. The body mass index was the main predictor of psychopathology. Meanwhile, a large longitudinal study dismissed an increased risk for bipolar disorder. On the other hand, some studies reported difficulties in cognitive performance in women with PCOS, particularly in verbal functions. As for a course more masculine cognitive profile in the PCOS, there are evidences in favor and against. It is not possible to confirm the presence of cognitive deficits in PCOS , nor a specific profile, because the research on the cognitive aspects of PCOS remains scarce. Regarding mechanisms explanatory of behavioral disturbances in PCOS, it is proposed the existence of biological and psychosocial/cultural factors. Following the current review, it is suggested allocate clinical relevance for mood disorders in women with PCOS and increase research of its cognitive aspects...
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Cognition , Depression , Hyperandrogenism , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/psychologyABSTRACT
El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo describir el estado actual de conocimientos respecto del rendimiento mnésico en féminas climatéricas humanas. Para tal cometido se procedió mediante una revisión en las bases de datos Medline, Pubmed y Wiley Online Library, en búsqueda de los trabajos más relevantes de los últimos años. Se concluyó que los estrógenos cumplen con un amplio repertorio de acciones en el sistema nervioso central, aportando protección multimodal a nivel neuronal, razón por lo cual es comprensible que la disminución estrogénica que experimenta la mujer durante el climaterio se acompañe de una alta prevalencia en las quejas subjetivas de memoria. Sin embargo, al aplicar pruebas objetivas de memoria, los estudios no reportan de manera contundente una disminución del rendimiento mnésico. Estas inconsistencias podrían deberse a variaciones estrogénicas no controladas, y/o a la escasa uniformidad en las pruebas psicométricas administradas. Por otro lado, respecto a los efectos de la terapia de reemplazo hormonal (TRH) en el rendimiento mnésico, los estudios empíricos informan la obtención de toda clase de resultados: benéficos, neutros, e incluso negativos. Por lo cual, la utilización de TRH no garantiza un efecto protector frente al deterioro cognitivo y Enfermedad de Alzheimer. Se señala la edad de comienzo del tratamiento, como la variable que mejor explicaría dichas discrepancias...
This study aimed to describe the current state of knowledge about the memory performance in human climacteric females. It is proceeded by a revision in the databases Medline, Pubmed and Wiley Online Library, in search of the most relevant studies from the past few years. It was concluded that the estrogen comply with a wide repertoire of actions in the central nervous system, providing multimodal protection at the neural level, reason why it is understandable that the decrease in estrogenic hormones experienced by women during menopause is accompanied by a high prevalence in subjective memory complaints. However, by applying objective tests of memory, the studies do not report unequivocally a decrease in memory performance. These inconsistencies could be due to variations estrogenic not controlled, and/or the little uniformity in the psychometric tests administered. On the other hand, about the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in the memory performance, empirical studies report the obtaining of different results: beneficial, neutral, and even negative. Therefore, the use of HRT does not guarantee a protective effect against cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. The age of onset of treatment that would be the variable that best explain these discrepancies...
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Female , Alzheimer Disease , Climacteric , Hormone Replacement Therapy , Memory/physiology , MenopauseABSTRACT
Las funciones ejecutivas constituyen un controvertido constructo, bajo el cual se han agrupado diferentes procesos cognitivos asociadas al control consciente del pensamiento, comportamiento y afectividad. Gran parte de los mismos, comienzan su desarrollo en la infancia, culminando dicho proceso a fines de la adolescencia. A nivel anatómico, el funcionamiento ejecutivo (FE) ha sido vinculado a la actividad de la corteza prefrontal y la corteza cingulada, entre otras regiones cerebrales. El objetivo del presente artículo, es realizar una revisión de los cambios en la actividad cortical que han sido asociados a las mejoras en el FE durante la infancia y adolescencia. Para tal fin, se realizará una recopilación de diversos estudios con fMRI comparativos de la performance y actividad neuronal de infantes, adolescentes y adultos; durante la ejecución de tareas de FE. Se concluirá resaltando la necesidad de ampliar el número de estudios comparativos con tales características. Dichas investigaciones, podrían facilitar el diseño de estrategias preventivas y terapéuticas más específicas para el abordaje de las diferentes patologías asociadas al FE.
Executive functions is a controversial construct, under which are grouped different cognitive processes associated with conscious control of thought, behavior and emotion. Much of them, begin their development in childhood, finishing it in late adolescence. In the anatomical level, executive function (EF) has been linked to the activity of the prefrontal cortex and the cingulate cortex, among other brain regions. The purpose of this article is to review the changes in cortical activity that has been associated with improvements in EF during childhood and adolescence. To this goal, there will be a compilation of several fMRI studies that compare the performance and neuronal activity between infants, adolescents and adults during the performance of EF tasks. It will conclude by stressing the need to expand the number of comparative studies with such characteristics. Such research may facilitate the design of preventive and therapeutic strategies for addressing numerous pathologies associated with the FE.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Child , Child Development/physiology , Adolescent Development/physiology , Executive Function , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Nervous System/growth & development , Attention/physiology , Neural Inhibition/physiology , Memory, Short-Term/physiology , Decision Making/physiologyABSTRACT
Introducción. La Leptospirosis es una enfermedad, que frecuentemente pasa sub diagnosticada debido a la falta de una prueba de diagnóstico de fácil realización. Dentro de las técnicas de laboratorio, las inmuno-enzimáticas, se encuentran entre las de mayor sensibilidad. El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo el desarrollo de la técnica de ELISA, que permita la detección diagnóstica de la Leptospirosis en forma rápida, sencilla y económica. Material y métodos. Se utilizaron como antígeno (Ag) cultivos vivos de Leptospira interrogans sv. icterohaemorrhagiae con distintos tratamiento: cultivo total, sonicado, termo resistente (TR) y TR sonicado. La prueba se realizó con 29 sueros caninos sospechosos clínicamente de leptospirosis, diluido en PBS 1/8; utilizándose 3 controles negativos y 3 controles positivos. Todos los sueros fueron comparados con la técnica de Aglutinación Microscópica (MAT) utilizando como Ag la misma cepa utilizada para ELISA. Resultados. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que de 29 sueros analizados 10 (34 por ciento) dieron resultados positivos. Todos los controles positivos dieron desarrollo evidente de color en los pocillos, no variando su color con controles negativos. La correlación con la técnica de MAT fue de +0,80 (Ag sonicados) y +0,70 (Ag sin sonicar) según los antígenos utilizados. Discusión. Esta técnica de rápida realización (150 minutos) podría ser adaptada a cualquier laboratorio y permitiría su uso como método de diagnóstico tamiz de Leptospirosis en canino