Leaf anatomy of Protium ovatum and its antiproliferative potential in cervical cells

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to analyze the morphology and anatomy of the leaves of Protium ovatum Engl., Burseraceae, and verify the antiproliferative activity in cervical cells. For anatomical analysis, the leaf samples were fixed in formol, acetic acid, alcohol 70, dehydrated, included in hydroxyethyl methacrylate and sectioned at a thickness of 5-10 µm in rotative microtome. The samples were stained with toluidine blue and blades mounted with synthetic resin "Entellan". Histochemical tests and scanning electron microscopy were also performed. To investigate the antiproliferative effect we used the cells strain of human cervix carcinoma and normal keratinocytes. The anatomical analysis demonstrated that the leaf is hypostomatic and the epidermal cells walls were slightly undulate on both faces. The palisade parenchyma occupies most part of leaf mesophyll. The spongy parenchyma is organized into 3-4 layers of cells. Vascular bundles of smaller diameter and secretory cavities are distributed along the leaf mesophyll. The midrib region was formed by a single vascular bundle with xylem in the center surrounded by phloem. Secretory cavities are distributed along the phloem. The histochemical tests revealed the presence of lipids in the secretory cavities and phenolic compounds in almost cell of mesophyll. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed the smooth leaf cuticle ornamentation with some striated areas. It was observed antiproliferative effect on human cervix carcinoma cell comparing with normal cells.

The sarsaparilla market in the state of São Paulo (Brazil) and the challenges of cultivation

This study aimed to present information about the sarsaparilla sold in establishments in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, assess the genetic diversity of Smilax brasiliensis Spreng., Smilacaceae, and examine the growing conditions and productivity of five species of Smilax. The amount of sarsaparilla sold per month at most pharmacies was 0.4 kg on average. Herbal stores and markets sold averages of 9 kg and 8 kg per month, respectively. The weight of the underground biomass of S. fluminensis (188.3 g) is significantly higher than those of other species (28.3-79.6 g). The study demonstrated that high genetic diversity among the Smilax brasiliensis plants belonging to the CPQBA germplasm bank, which was confirmed by the results of the genotyping study that used a SSR marker on S. brasiliensis. The high consumption of sarsaparilla and the low yield of young plants cultivated from seeds with high genetic variability reinforce the need for further studies on the production of Smilax species.

Aerial stem and leaf morphoanatomy of some species of Smilax

This study aimed to describe the morphoanatomy of the aerial vegetative organs of seven Smilax species, used in Brazilian folk medicine. Samples of leaves and stems were fixed with FAA 50, embedded in historesin, sectioned on a rotary microtome, stained and mounted in synthetic resin. Cuticle ornamentation was analyzed with standard scanning electron microscopy. In the frontal view, the walls of the adaxial epidermis are straight in S. brasiliensis, S. cissoides, S. goyazana and sinuous in the other species. The walls of the epidermis on the abaxial surface are straight in S. brasiliensis, S. goyazana, S. rufescens, sinuous in S. campestris, S. fluminensis, S. oblongifolia, and wavy in S. cissoides. The stomata are paracytic in S. brasiliensis, S. goyazana, S. oblongifolia, and S. rufescens, anomocytic in S. cissoides, S. campestris; anisocytic and paracytic in S. fluminensis. The midrib has three vascular bundles that are individually wrapped by lignified cells in S. brasiliensis, S. cissoides, and S. fluminensis. In the other, the three vascular bundles are surrounded by a single lignified sheath. In the stems the vascular cylinder is surrounded by a sclerenchymatous ring with the exception of Smilax fluminensis, which has a starch sheath and internal layers of thin-walled cells.