Prevalence and epidemiology of chronic hepatitis C among prisoners of Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil

In Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, the number of prisoners has increased in the recent years and the control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) has become more complex. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence and identify the genotypes of HCV in prisoners as well as the factors associated with this infectious disease. Thereby, 443 men and 243 women from prisons were interviewed and subjected to blood collection. Anti-HCV reactive samples were analyzed by RT-PCR and genotyped. The overall seroprevalence of HCV infection was 4.8 percent (95 percentCI: 3.4 to 6.8 percent). Furthermore, the prevalence was higher in: men, injecting drug users, tattooed persons, those who were more than 50 years old, individuals who have been arrested multiple times, people with previous history of sexually transmitted disease (STD), persons who received blood transfusions or those with HIV/AIDS. The prevalence of RNA HCV by PCR was 3.0 percent (95 percentCI: 1.7 to 4.2 percent). Moreover, the coinfection of HIV and HCV was 33.3 percent. In addition, genotype 1 was the most frequent (85 percent) followed by genotype 3 (15 percent). The screening strategy for HCV and other infectious diseases in inmates is important as it establishes an early diagnosis, opportunity for treatment and allows the breaking of the transmission chain.

Genotyping hepatitis C virus from hemodialysis patients in Central Brazil by line probe assay and sequence analysis

The present study examined the distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes and subtypes in a hemodialysis population in Goiás State, Central Brazil, and evaluated the efficiency of two genotyping methods: line probe assay (LiPA) based on the 5' noncoding region and nucleotide sequencing of the nonstructural 5B (NS5B) region of the genome. A total of 1095 sera were tested for HCV RNA by RT-nested PCR of the 5' noncoding region. The LiPA assay was able to genotype all 131 HCV RNA-positive samples. Genotypes 1 (92.4 percent) and 3 (7.6 percent) were found. Subtype 1a (65.7 percent) was the most prevalent, followed by subtypes 1b (26.7 percent) and 3a (7.6 percent). Direct nucleotide sequencing of 340 bp from the NS5B region was performed in 106 samples. The phylogenetic tree showed that 98 sequences (92.4 percent) were classified as genotype 1, subtypes 1a (72.6 percent) and 1b (19.8 percent), and 8 sequences (7.6 percent) as subtype 3a. The two genotyping methods gave concordant results within HCV genotypes and subtypes in 100 and 96.2 percent of cases, respectively. Only four samples presented discrepant results, with LiPA not distinguishing subtypes 1a and 1b. Therefore, HCV genotype 1 (subtype 1a) is predominant in hemodialysis patients in Central Brazil. By using sequence analysis of the NS5B region as a reference standard method for HCV genotyping, we found that LiPA was efficient at the genotype level, although some discrepant results were observed at the subtype level (sensitivity of 96.1 percent for subtype 1a and 95.2 percent for subtype 1b). Thus, analysis of the NS5B region permitted better discrimination between HCV subtypes, as required in epidemiological investigations.

Hepatitis C virus seroprevalence and genotypes in patients with diffuse connective tissue diseases and spondyloarthropathies

Many extrahepatic manifestations, including rheumatic diseases, have been reported to be associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In order to investigate the prevalence of HCV infection among patients with rheumatic diseases, in the present study we interviewed 367 patients and tested their blood samples for HCV antibodies (anti-HCV) by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Anti-HCV-reactive samples were retested for confirmation by a line immunoassay and also for HCV RNA detection by the polymerase chain reaction. HCV RNA-positive samples were genotyped by INNO-LIPA. An overall HCV infection prevalence of 1.9 percent (7/367) was found. Of the 7 HCV-infected patients, 4 had systemic lupus erythematosus and 3 rheumatoid arthritis, resulting in positivity rates of 2.3 and 3.4 percent, respectively. HCV RNA genotyping revealed the presence of subtypes 1a (57.1 percent), 1b (28.6 percent) and 3a (14.3 percent). The clinical course was favorable for all HCV-infected patients, except one, who died due to renal insufficiency related to lupus nephritis. These results demonstrate a low HCV infection prevalence among the population studied. In the few positive cases, we observed no adverse influence of this infection on the clinical evolution of the rheumatic disease.

Genotyping of group A rotavirus samples from Brazilian children by probe hybridization

The G genotyping of 74 group A rotavirus samples was done by RNA-DNA hybridization (dot-blot) using oligonucleotide probes for the VP7 gene region of the human rotavirus serotypes/genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4. Thirty-one samples could be genotyped by dot-blot showing the following results: G1 = 16, G4 = 6, G3 = 5, and G2 = 4. The data show circulation of genotypes G1-G4 and the predominance of G1. The knowledge of genotypes provides important information concerning rotavirus circulation in Central Brazil

Risk factor and prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis a virus (HAV) in children from day-care centers, in Goiania, Brazil

Um estudo seroepidemiologico para o virus da hepatite A (VHA), investigando os marcadores de infeccao passada (anti-VHA total anti-IgG e IgM) e infeccao recente (anti-VHA IgM), foi realizado entre 1991 e 1992, em criancas de creche de Goiania-Brasil central. Das 310 criancas com idade entre 03 meses e 09 anos, 69,7 por cento mostraram soropositividade ao anti-VHA total, sendo 60 por cento, na faixa etaria entre 1 e 3 anos. A prevalencia do marcador anti-VHA IgM foi de 3,2 por cento visto em idade de 1-4 anos e com distribuicao uniforme nas 10 creches estudadas. Entre as variaveis sociodemograficas estudadas, apenas o tempo de frequencia das criancas nas creches, igual ou superior a um ano, mostrou, em analise multivariada ajustada para idade, um risco de 4,7 vezes maior quando comparado com o periodo de um mes (LC 95 por cento 2,3-9,9)...

Soroepidemiologia da infecçäo pelo vírus da hepatite A em meninos de/na rua de Goiânia-Goiás / Seroepidemiology of hepatitis A virus infection in street children of Goiânia-Goiás

Um estudo soro epidemiológico, para anticorpos contra o virus da hepatite A (anti-VHA total-IgM e IgG), foi realizado no período de 1991-1992, em 397 "meninos de/na rua" em Goiânia. Destes, 313 apresentavam vínculo familiar e desenvolviam, em sua maioria, atividades de trabalho informal, enquanto que 84 nao possuiam vínculo familiar e se encontravam na rua ou em Instituiçoes do Governo Estadual. A taxa média de prevalência foi de 90,4 por cento, variando de 80,0 por cento a 92,9 por cento, sem contudo apresentar diferença estatística significante relativa à idade (7-21). Também nao se evidenciou qualquer diferença quando este grupo foi estratificado para presença ou ausência de vínculo familiar ou mesmo quando analisado em relaçao a outras variáveis sócio-demográficas. Estes dados sugerem que a hepatite A é endêmica na populaçao de baixa condiçao sócio-econômica da regiao e que nesta faixa etária a maioria dos indivíduos já adquiriu a infecçao. Outras investigaçoes em grupos e camadas sociais diferentes sao necessárias a fim de parametrar estratégias vacinais em países subdesenvolvidos.

Anti-HCV related to HCV PCR and risck factors analysis in a blood donor population of central Brazil

Ainda sao raros os casos de infeccao por hepatite C (HCV)na regiao central do Brasil. Neste estudo, 2.350 doadores voluntarios de sangue foram avaliados, resultando em prevalencias para o anti-HCV de 2,2 (por cento), pelo ELISA de segunda geracao, e de 1,4 por cento, apos o ensaio confirmatorio "line immunoassay". Anticorpos contra os antigenos "core", NS4 e NS5 do HCV foi observada em 76,6 (por cento) dos doadores anti-HCV positivos. A positividade da reacao em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) mostrou-se relacionada a reatividade aos diferentes antigenos do HCV no "line immunoassay". A maioria dos doadores positivos tiveram historia previa de exposicao parenteral. A combinacao de ALT>50 UI/1 e positividade ao anti-HBc parece nao ser eficaz como marcadores indiretos para a infeccao pelo HCV, entretanto a dosagem do ALT e a deteccao de anti-HCV sao indicadas na triagem de doadores de sangue brasileiros.