Impact of an education program on patient anxiety, depression, glycemic control, and adherence to self-care and medication in Type 2 diabetes

Diabetes mellitus [DM] requires continuous medical care, patients' self-management, education, and adherence to prescribed medication to reduce the risk of long-term complications. The aim of this study was to assess the benefits of an education program on diabetes, patient self-management, adherence to medication, anxiety, depression and glycemic control in type 2 diabetics in Saudi Arabia. This was a prospective study, conducted among 104 diabetic patients at a major tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, between May 2011 and October 2012. Education materials given to diabetic patients included pamphlets/handouts written in Arabic, the national language. Special videotapes about DM were made and distributed to all participants. In addition, specific educational programs through the diabetes educators and one-on-one counseling sessions with the doctor were also arranged. Patients were interviewed using a structured interview schedule both during the baseline, and after 6 months of the program. The interview schedule included, socio-demographics, clinical characteristics, diabetes self-management, adherence to medication, anxiety, and depression. Glycemic control was considered poor, if hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] was >/= 7%.The mean age of the study population was 57.3 +/- 14.4 years. Seventy one were males [68.3%] and 33 [31.7%] were females. After six months of the diabetes education program, there were significant improvements in patients' dietary plan [P = 0.0001], physical exercise [P = 0.0001], self-monitoring of blood glucose [SMBG] [P = 0.0001], HbA1c [P = 0.04], adherence to medication [P = 0.007], and depression [P = 0.03]. Implementation of education programs on diabetes among type 2 diabetic patients is associated with better outcomes such as their dietary plan, physical exercise, SMBG, adherence to medication, HbA1c and depression

Ankle injuries in the growing skeleton. a review of the recent literature

Ankle injuries arise with significant frequency in the pediatric population, although diagnosis is rarely straightforward. Contact sports, such as football are widely practiced in Saudi athletes, little is carried out to educate them of measures regarding playing conditions and prophylactic steps like foot wear, warming up, and similarly. The usual potential complications associated with trauma to mature skeleton, as well as immature selection includes post-traumatic arthritis, stiffness, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, as well as those seen with physeal damage including leg length discrepancy, angular deformities, or a combination. Knowledge of these injuries, as well as the differences between children and adult skeleton is essential for proper and effective management of these common injuries. This article is a review of anatomy, physiology of physis, diagnostic modalities, prognosis, treatment methods and analyzing, and highlighting data from the published literature regarding ankle injuries in growing skeleton, which is crucial to manage these injuries