ABSTRACT
Background: Moral hazard is the increased likelihood of loss driven by insured behavior, which is a major the challenges faced by the insurance system. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review the concept of moral hazard and
its types, causes, consequences and control measures
Methods: This study was conducted through review, utilizing articles related to the subject in Springer's published texts, valid sites and databases such as: Google Scholar, Magiran, Medline, Springer, SID, Scopus and PubMed. The information utilized was collected from 1960-2016. Databases were searched using keywords of moral hazard in health services, causes of hazards, types of hazards in health systems, the consequences of hazards, the ways of controlling hazards, health insurance, moral hazards and health insurance
Results: The results showed that the third party [insurer] in health insurance contracts, paying a high share of treatment costs, mitigates the motivation for the behaviors of disease prevention, and prevents harm or disease, i.e. Because the patient pays only a fraction of the cost, it has devastating consequences such as increasing insurer costs and the health system, reducing welfare, wasting resources, reducing insurance coverage, and so forth
Conclusions: Identifying various types of moral hazards, their causes and consequences in determining control strategies and reducing moral hazard and preventing undesirable outcomes are effective
ABSTRACT
Treatment protocols with low-level Laser [also called 'soft laser therapy] have been used in health care systems for more than three decades. Bearing in mind the suitable sub-cellular absorption and the cellular-vascular impacts, low-level laser may be a treatment of choice for soft tissues. Low-level lasers have played crucial and colorful roles in performing periodontal surgeries. Their anti-inflammatory and painless effects have been variously reported in in-vitro studies. In this present review article, searches have been made in Pub Med, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, focusing on the studies which included low-level lasers, flap-periodontal surgeries, gingivectomy, and periodontal graft. The present study has sought to review the cellular impacts of low-level lasers and its role on reducing pain and inflammation followingsoft tissue surgical treatments