ABSTRACT
Background: Phytate is an anti-nutritional factor in plants, which catches the most phosphorus contents and some vital minerals. Therefore, Phytase is added mainly as an additive to the monogastric animals' foods to hydrolyze phytate and increase absorption of phosphorus
Objectives: Y. intermedia phytase is a new phytase with special characteristics such as high specific activity, pH stability, and thermostability. Our aim was to clone, express, and characterizea codon optimized Y. intermedia phytase gene in E. coli
Materials and Methods: The Y. intermedia phytase gene was optimized according to the codon usage in E. coli. The sequence was synthesized and sub-cloned in pET-22b [+] vector and transformed into E. coli Bl21 [DE3]. The protein was expressed in the presence of IPTG at a final concentration of 1 mM at 30[degree]C. The purification of recombinant protein was performed by Ni2+ affinity chromatography. Phytase activity and stability were determined in various pH and temperatures
Results: The codon optimized Y. intermedia phytase gene was sub-cloned successfully. The expression was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. The recombinant enzyme [approximately 45 kDa] was purified. Specific activity of enzyme was 3849 [U.mg-1] with optimal pH 5 and optimal temperature of 55[degree]C. Thermostability [80[degree]C for 15 min] and pH stability [3-6] of the enzyme were 56 and more than 80%, respectively
Conclusions: The results of the expression and enzyme characterization revealed that the optimized Y. intermedia phytase gene has a good potential to be produced commercially and to be applied in animals' foods industry
ABSTRACT
Objective: to determine incidence and trend of the liver cancer in Iran
Study Design: an observational study
Place and Duration of Study: the Cancer Registry System in Iran, from 2003 to 2009
Methodology: crude incidence rate for liver cancer were calculated per 100,000 people. Age standardized incidence rates [ASRs] were estimated using direct standardization and the standard population of World Health Organization [WHO]. Data was analyzed using Cochran-Armitage test for linear trend and software of WinPepi 2.1
Results: of 3,584 cases of liver cancer recorded between 2003 and 2009, 2,224 and 1,360 cases were men and women, respectively, which revealed significantly increasing trends [p=0.001]. The highest incidence rate [950 cases] occurred in 2007 and the lowest rate [256 cases] in 2003. Based on the result, liver cancer incidence was more in men compared to women and the incidence increased with age
Conclusion: according to this study, the trend of age-standardized incidence rate of liver cancer in Iran is rising. Hence to prevent and control this cancer, it is necessary to investigate the related risk factors and implement prevention programs in Iran
ABSTRACT
The most common types of medical errors are medication errors. Medication errors can cause serious health problems and should be considered a threat to patients' safety. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and types of medication errors and barriers to reporting errors by nurses in an educational hospital in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in 2012. In this cross-sectional study, 96 nurses working in an educational hospital were randomly selected to the study. Review of medication errors and reporting them over the last three months were assessed using a valid and reliable questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the SPSS-20. The prevalence of medication errors was 79.2%. The most common errors included giving oral drugs by mistake [53.1%] and medication later or earlier than the stipulated time [41.7%], respectively. Reporting the medication errors was 14%. Among the barriers to reporting the errors, barriers related to administrative issues were more highlighted than the staff relating barriers. The results showed high prevalence of medication errors and low rates of error reporting. Holding periodic courses on safe medication and using management strategies to encourage nurses to report errors are recommended