Evaluation of the potential for transmission of coronavirus disease via saliva: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Aim: One of the main factors that play a pivotal role in the transmission of COVID-19 from human to human is saliva; according to the subject's importance, the present study aimed to evaluate the potential of transmission via the saliva of coronavirus disease. Methods: PubMed, ISI, Embase, Scopus, Medicine have been used until September 2020 to search for articles. Therefore, EndNote X9 used to manage electronic resources. A 95% confidence interval (CI) effect size, fixed effect model, Inverse-variance methods have been calculated. The positive rate of SARS-CoV2 assessed with meta analysis. To deal with potential heterogeneity, random effects were used, and I2 showed heterogeneity. I2 values above 50% signified moderate-to-high heterogeneity. The Meta-analysis has been evaluated with Stata/MP v.16 (the fastest version of Stata) statistical software. Results: According to the study's purpose, in the initial search with keywords, 19 articles were found, the full text of 3 studies was reviewed, and finally, three studies were selected. The positive rate of SARS-CoV2 was 86% (86%; 95% CI 67 %-100%). Conclusion: saliva can be a non-invasive specimen type for diagnosis of COVID-19. Dentists should be aware that saliva plays a major role in the transmission of COVID-19 from human to human, and failure to follow prevention protocols can contaminate them

The impact of Distinctive Root Canal Instrumentation Systems on Endotoxin Lessening from the Root Canal: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the impact of distinctive instrumentation systems of the root canals on the endotoxin lessening through the root canals. Material and Methods: From the electronic databases, MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, ISI, Google Scholar have been used to perform a systematic literature review between 2015 and 2020. Therefore, a software program (Endnote X9) has been utilized for managing electronic titles. Searches were performed with keywords, "root canal," "instrumentation," "endotoxin," "root canal preparation," "biofilm" "endodontics," and "lipopolysaccharide." This systematic review has been conducted on the basis of the key consideration of the PRISMA Statement-Preferred Reporting Items for the Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Results: Hence, 163 potentially important abstracts and research topics have been discovered by electronic searches and three studies (3 RCTs) have been included. According to the outputs, any statistically significant differences have been not found between the rotary files and reciprocation (SMD 0.51, 95% CI [0.11, 0.90], p=0.011) (I2 = 49.5%; p=0.138). Conclusion: Analyses indicated that instrumentation methods decreased the content of endotoxin from the root canals.

effect of a positive reappraisal coping intervention and problem-solving skills training on coping strategies during waiting period of IUI treatment: an RCT

Background: waiting period of fertility treatment is stressful, therefore it is necessary to use effective coping strategies to cope with waiting period of intrauterine insemination [IUI] treatment

Objective: the aim of this study was comparing the effect of the positive reappraisal coping intervention [PRCI] with the problem-solving skills training [PSS] on the coping strategies of IUI waiting period, in infertile women referred to Milad Infertility Center in Mashhad

Materials and Methods: in this randomized clinical trial, 108 women were evaluated into three groups. The control group received the routine care, but in PRCI group, two training sessions were held and they were asked to review the coping thoughts cards and fill out the daily monitoring forms during the waiting period, and in PSS group problem-solving skill were taught during 3 sessions. The coping strategies were compared between three groups on the 10th day of IUI waiting period

Results: results showed that the mean score for problem-focused were significantly different between the control [28.54+/-9.70], PSS [33.71+/-9.31], and PRCI [30.74+/-10.96] [p=0.025] groups. There were significant differences between the PSS group and others groups, and mean emotion-focused were significantly different between the control [32.09+/-11.65], PSS [29.20+/-9.88], and PRCI [28.74+/-7.96] [p=0.036] groups. There were significant differences between the PRCI and the control group [p=0.047]

Conclusion: PSS was more effective to increase problem-focused coping strategies than PRCI, therefore it is recommended that this intervention should be used in infertility treatment centers

GnRH agonist trigger versus hCG trigger in GnRH antagonist in IVF/ICSI cycles: a review article

Routinely, a bolus of 5.000-10.000 IU human chorionic gonadotropin [hCG] is used for the final follicular maturation and ovulation as a standard method. HCG has the same effect of luteinizing hormone [LH] with long half-life. It has the long lutheotrophic effect which increases the risk of ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome [OHSS]. Recently, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist [GnRH-a] trigger has been used for the induction of final follicular maturation and ovulation with the aim of reducing the OHSS risk. Several studies have shown that the releases of endogenous follicular stimulating hormone [FSH] and LH after administration of GnRH agonist in in vitro fertilization [IVF] cycles are able to precede the final follicular maturation leading to removal of fertile oocyte with normal development of the embryo and ultimately pregnancy. But based on the results of some studies, using GnRH-a trigger leads to defect luteal-phase resulting to reduce the implantation and clinical pregnancy rates and also increase abortion in fresh embryo transfer cycles compared to routine IVF cycle with hCG triggering . Also, in recent years, studies have continued to modify the luteal phase support, so that the fresh embryo transfer is possible too. In this review, we examined the benefits, problems, and also ways to reform GnRH agonist triggering complications

Efficacy of zinc administration in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea

Objectives: Dysmenorrhea is a common complaint in women. Primary dysmenorrhea is defined as painful menstruation in the absence of pelvic disease and is caused by uterine contractions caused by prostaglandins released from the endometrium. Conventional treatments include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and oral contraceptives. We sought to evaluate the efficacy of zinc supplementation in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea

Methods: Two-hundred participants with primary dysmenorrhea were randomized into one of two groups. The intervention group received zinc and mefenamic acid, and the control group received mefenamic acid and a placebo drug. After three months of treatment, changes in the incidence of dysmenorrhea and the degree of pain were measured in both groups

Results: The mean pain score before administration of zinc and mefenamic acid in the intervention group was 5.3 +/- 1.8 and after treatment was 1.2 +/- 1.9 [p < 0.001]. In the control group, the mean pain score before administration of mefenamic acid and placebo was 5.8 +/- 2.1 and after treatment was 2.9 +/- 2.6 [p < 0.001]. The difference in pain levels before and after treatment in the intervention group was 4.1 +/- 2.8, and in the control group was 2.9 +/- 1.7 [p > 0.050]. We also found that 64% of case group and 33% of the control group did not experience dysmenorrhea after treatment [p < 0.001]

Conclusions: The use of a zinc supplement in combination with mefenamic acid was superior in reducing primary dysmenorrhea compared to mefenamic acid alone

Survey of pregnancy outcome in preterm premature rupture of membranes with amniotic fluid index <5 and >/= 5

Preterm premature rupture of membranes [PPROM] is among the most important causes of perinatal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to survey the pregnancy outcomes in preterm premature rupture of membranes with an amniotic fluid index of <5 and >5. This prospective cohort study was performed on 137 pregnant women complicated by preterm premature rupture of membranes [PPROM] with a gestational age of 28-34 weeks during October 2006 to October 2008. The patients were divided in two groups according to their amniotic fluid index; AFI<5 [77cases], AFI >/= 5 [60cases]. The Chi-squared test for qualitative variables and T-student test for quantitative variables were used to analyze the results. The results showed that there was no significant difference in terms of the number of pregnancies, gestational age at rupture of membranes and birthweight between the two groups. However, the results demonstrated that the patients with AFI<5 exhibited a significantly shorter latency period [p=0.049], a higher rate of cesarean due to fetal distress [p=0.008], a lower neonatal Apgar score in the first minute [p=0.0127] and a higher rate of neonatal death during the first week [p=0.045]. Overall, PPROM with oligohydroamnios is associated with shorter latency, higher rate of C/S, higher rate of early neonatal death and lower neonatal Apgar