Occurrence of Root Rot and Vascular Wilt Diseases in Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in Upper Egypt

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) family Malvaceae is an important crop used in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutics industries. Roselle is cultivated mainly in Upper Egypt (Qena and Aswan governorates) producing 94% of total production. Root rot disease of roselle is one of the most important diseases that attack both seedlings and adult plants causing serious losses in crop productivity and quality. The main objective of the present study is to identify and characterize pathogens associated with root rot and wilt symptoms of roselle in Qena, Upper Egypt and evaluate their pathogenicity under greenhouse and field condition. Fusarium oxysporum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium solani, Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium semitectum were isolated from the natural root rot diseases in roselle. All isolated fungi were morphologically characterized and varied in their pathogenic potentialities. They could attack roselle plants causing damping-off and root rot/wilt diseases in different pathogenicity tests. The highest pathogenicity was caused by F. oxysporum and M. phaseolina followed by F. solani. The least pathogenic fungi were F. equiseti followed by F. semitectum. It obviously noted that Baladi roselle cultivar was more susceptible to infection with all tested fungi than Sobhia 17 under greenhouse and field conditions. This is the first report of fungal pathogens causing root rot and vascular wilt in roselle in Upper Egypt.

Control of Root Rot and Wilt Diseases of Roselle under Field Conditions

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is one of the most important medicinal crops in many parts of the world. In this study, the effects of microelements, antioxidants, and bioagents on Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, and Macrophomina phaseolina, the causal pathogens of root rot and wilt diseases in roselle, were examined under field conditions. Preliminary studies were carried out in vitro in order to select the most effective members to be used in field control trials. Our results showed that microelements (copper and manganese), antioxidants (salicylic acid, ascorbic acid, and EDTA), a fungicide (Dithane M45) and biological control agents (Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus subtilis) were significantly reduced the linear growth of the causal pathogens. Additionally, application of the previous microelements, antioxidants, a fungicide and biological control agents significantly reduced disease incidence of root rot and wilt diseases under field conditions. Copper, salicylic acid, and T. harzianum showed the best results in this respect. In conclusion, microelements, antioxidants, and biocontrol agents could be used as alternative strategies to fungicides for controlling root rot and wilt diseases in roselle.

Simultaneous Surgery on the Descending Thoracic and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

A 67-year-old woman underwent simultaneous surgical treatment of aneurysms in the descending thoracic and abdominal aorta. The aneurysm in the descending thoracic aorta was 5.0cm in diameter. The abdominal lesion which was accompanied by closed partial dissection was located below the renal arteries and its diameter was 7.8cm. First, the patient was positioned in right decubitus position and left thoracotomy was made. The descending thoracic aorta was replaced with an artificial graft under partial cardiopulmonary bypass through the left femoral vein and artery. Thoracotomy was closed after removal of cardiopulmonary bypass and neutralization of heparin with protamine sulfate. The patient's position was then changed to supine, and following median laparotomy, her abdominal aorta was replaced with an artificial graft. Her postoperative course was entirely uneventful except for slight hoarseness and transient urine disorder. Although simultaneous operation for multiple aneurysms may give more surgical stress to patients, it can reduce the risk of rupture of the remaining aneurysm as compared with surgical treatment in two stages. The order in which aneurysms are operated on should be considered well in simultaneous operation. It was considered in this case that the thoracic lesion should be treated first because crossclamping of the abdominal aorta may increase cardiac afterloads and result in rise of intraluminal pressure and rupture of the thoracic aortic aneurysm.

Reconstruction Surgery of the Ascending Aorta and the Aortic Arch under Deep Hypothermia with Circulatory Arrest / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

Eight patients with aneurysms in the ascending aorta and the aortic arch underwent reconstructive surgery under deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest between Jan., 1988 and Jun., 1991. The patients consisted of 3 males and 5 females, ranging in age from 45 to 73 years (62.0±11.8, mean ±S.D.). Four patients were operated on in emergency. The lesions in 7 of 8 patients were Stanford type A dissecting aneurysms and the remaining one was a true aneurysm in the ascending aorta and the proximal aortic arch. The operation time, extracorporeal circulation time, and circulatory arrest time were 432.6±147.3, 191.9±66.1, and 31.0±10.8 (16 to 47) min, respectively. In all cases, the ascending aorta and the proximal aortic arch were replaced by an artificial graft through the median sternotomy approach. The brachiocephalic artery was reconstructed in 2 cases. The intraoperative blood loss was 4, 685±2, 943ml and the blood transfusion was 4, 659±2, 779ml. All patients awoke from 2 to 19hr after surgery and no complication in the central nervous system was observed. The postoperative complications which were detected in 3 patients consisted of drug induced renal dysfunction in 1 case, sinus arrhythmia in another, and mild hepatic dysfunction in the last case. There were neither operative deaths nor late deaths during the follow up period which ranged from 1 month to 42 months. Deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest should be regarded as a good circulatory support technique in reconstrutive surgery of the ascending aorta and the proximal aortic arch.

Biochemical Changes of Venous Blood in Abdominal Aortic Surgery: Malondialdehyde Changes in Venous Blood / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

The procedure of cross clamping and declamping of the infra-renal abdominal aorta is common in the reconstructive abdominal aortic surgery. However, little is known to the oxygen free radical formations during the surgery. To evaluate the oxygen radical production, the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in venous blood were measured prior to, during and after the operation with other metabolites such as C3, C3a, granulocytes, CPK, amylase, BUN, creatinine, beta-2-microglobulin, total protein (TP), hematocrit (Ht), GOT, GPT, LDH, lactate, potassium, and myoglobulin in ten patients of the infra-renal aortic aneurysm. The average of the aortic occlusion time was 63±18min in the patients. The levels of MDA (from 3.2±0.7nmol/ml to 2.3±0.5nmol/ml), C3, TP and Ht were decreased during the operation and there were significant correlations between the levels of MDA (<i>r</i>=0.486, <i>p</i><0.01), C3 (<i>r</i>=0.59, <i>p</i><0.01) and TP. It is, therefore, likely that the reduction of MDA and C3 levels is due to the blood dilution by the bleeding, fluid infusion and blood transfusion during the operation. The levels of C3a did not increase during and after the operation. The levels of CPK (from 73±40U/<i>l</i> to 920±705U/<i>l</i>) and amylase (from 183±87U/<i>l</i> to 444±420U/<i>l</i>) were temporary increased on the first day after the operation. The level of lactate was increased during the occlusion of the aorta (from 9.0±3.0mg/dl to 20.2±5.8mg/dl) and until the just after the operation (23.2±18.6mg/dl). The other metabolites such as GOT, GPT, BUN, creatinine and beta-2 microglobulin did not change throughout the investigation period. There was a substantial ischemia of lower extremities during the aortic occlusion resulted in significant increase of lactate level. These results suggest that the temporary occlusion of the infra-renal aorta during the common reconstructive abdominal aortic surgry does not produce the oxygen free radical formation which increases the lipidperoxidation level in the systemic circulation.