ABSTRACT
College athletes often tend to suffer from defective nutrition status due to excessive physical training with inadequate dietary intakes, which resulted in various physical disorders such as anemia. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of nutrition interventions to the anemic state of long distance runners. A nutritional education program was applied and daily single pack of nutritional supplement drink rich in iron, zinc, copper, selenium as well as eleven vitamins were provided for two months. Blood hemoglobin, red blood cells as well as serum ferritin and iron levels after the intervention were significantly higher compared with the basal, pre-intervention level of respective items. Among the subjects, two were found to be anemic (hemoglobin<13g/dl) before the intervention. Both of them, however, were successfully recovered to normal status (hemoglobin≧13g/dl) thereafter. The pre-intervention levels of hemoglobin were negatively correlated to the amount of difference between those of pre- and post-intervention, which appeared to indicate an improvement of nutrient deficiency that caused the hypochromia. On the other hands, the intake of energy and nutrients from meals did not change before and after the intervention. From the results obtained, it seems to be appropriate to emphasize the importance of nutrition education, especially, a possible effectiveness of including multiple nutrient supplementation in nutrition program for college athletes is suggested.
ABSTRACT
To clarify influences of training by repetitious swimmings on fatty acid composition of tissue lipids, these specificities of organs and substrates and these changes by swimming, recovery and training were investigated by using Wister strain male rats and following results were obtained :<BR>1. From viewpoint of fatty acid composition of each tissue lipid, specificities of organs and substrates were characterized and fatty acid composition of each tissue triglyceride (TG) was not related to the composition of cellular component lipids (cardio-lipin; CL, phosphatidylethanolamine; PE, and phosphatidylcholine; PC) .<BR>2. By the training for 5i days, sigificant changes in fatty acid composition of TG, CL, PE and PC of heart muscle appeared. Especially linoleic acid composition of all these substrates significantly increased in the straining group, which did not show decrease of body weight, but in other training group showed significant decrease of body weight, linoleic acid composition of TG and CL of heart muscle significantly lowered and the linoleic acid composition of CL was lower than that of control group. But changes in fatty acid composition of PE and PC did not observed.<BR>3. During the repetitious swimmings, linoleic acid composition of CL of heart muscle gradually increased with number of the swimmings and the peak appeared at 11 times of the swimmings, but those of PE and PC did not change at all. Thus, nutnber of the swimming directly caused changes in the composition of CL of heart muscle and different influences in the composition between CL and other phospholipids (PE and PC) were clearly distinguished.<BR>4. After 30 times of the swimmings, linoleic acid composition of CL of heart and gastrocnemius muscles transiently supercompensated at 5 days, but despite of enough recovery of body weight, linoleic acid composition of CL in all tissues lowered and remarkable differences in the composition between control and the swimming groups appeared at 15 days after the swimming.<BR>From these results, training by the swimming caused changes in linoleic acid composition of cellular component lipids of heart muscle with amount of swimming and the amount will be a key to change in the composition of CL of heart muscle. Then, amount of the swimming per day and recovery period would be a direct factor to cause changes in linoleic acid composition of CL and these changes finally influence on the composition of other cellular component lipids, PE and PC, and become to have a relation to physiological functions.