ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Amino acids have many physiological activities. We report the correlation between gastric emptying and gastric adaptive relaxation using tryptophan and amino acids with a straight alkyl chain, hydroxylated chain, and branched chain. Here we sought to further clarify the correlation between gastric emptying and gastric adaptive relaxation by using other amino acids. METHODS: In Sprague-Dawley rats, gastric emptying was evaluated by a breath test using [1-¹³C] acetic acid. The expired ¹³CO₂ pattern, T(max), C(max), and AUC(120min) values were used as evaluation items. Gastric adaptive relaxation was evaluated in a barostat experiment. Individual amino acids (1 g/kg) were administered orally 30 minutes before each breath test or barostat test. RESULTS: L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine did not influence gastric emptying. All other amino acids, ie, L-proline, L-histidine, L-cysteine, L-methionine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-asparagine, L-arginine, L-glutamine, and L-lysine significantly delayed and inhibited gastric emptying. L-Cysteine and L-aspartic acid significantly enhanced and L-methionine and L-glutamine significantly inhibited gastric adaptive relaxation. L-Phenylalanine moved the balloon toward the antrum, suggesting strong contraction of the fundus. T(max) showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.709), and C(max) and AUC(120min) each showed negative correlations (r = 0.613 and 0.667, respectively) with gastric adaptive relaxation. CONCLUSION: From the above findings, it was found that a close correlation exists between gastric emptying and adaptive relaxation, suggesting that enhanced gastric adaptive relaxation inhibits gastric emptying.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Acetic Acid , Amino Acids , Arginine , Asparagine , Aspartic Acid , Breath Tests , Cysteine , Gastric Emptying , Glutamic Acid , Glutamine , Histidine , Lysine , Methionine , Phenylalanine , Proline , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Relaxation , Tryptophan , TyrosineABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the cultured <i>Cordyceps sinensis</i> (Cs, supplement) powder during exhaustive running of human comparing with the placebo (control). These supplements were given to 36 male sedentary subjects over period of 2 weeks. During the exercise, following bio-signals were measured such as the respiratory variables (VO<sub>2</sub>, VCO<sub>2</sub>, VE), the blood pressure (BP), the heart rate (HR), and the lactic acid (LA). In addition, their storing urine for one night was inspected about the catecholamine (CA, Adr, NorA, Dop) and the cortisol hormone (17-KA-S and 17-OHCS) at the pre-and the post-ingesting with those supplements. The changing ratio calculating between the pre- and the post-variables of VO<sub>2</sub>/kg (5.2±0.1 & 4.8±0.1 ml), VE (12.0±0.2 & 11.0±0.2 L), and LA (6.1±2.1 & 5.2±2.6 mmol/dl) had decreased to lower percentages at the recovery period from the exercise test than those of CON, significantly (p<0.01). Futhermore, concentration of the total CA (1.19±0.51 & 1.29±0.49 mg/L), Adr (13.5±1.2 & 17.7±1.9<i>μ</i>g/L), NorA (127.4±8.1 & 130.0±8.5<i>μ</i>g/L), Dop (1.06±0.1 & 1.14±0.4mg/L), 17-OHCS/creatinine (4.42±0.30 & 4.2±0.31), and 17-KS-G/creatinine (3.18±0.09 & 3.06±0.07) showed changes of significant difference related to the placebo (p<0.05). There have been appeared an augmentation of the energy generation and the anti-fatigue ability intaking with this supplement during the exercise test. During this prolonged exercise, ingesting with this Cs might elicit the superior efficiency and the economical function on the energy metabolism.