ABSTRACT
Herpes simplex virus type 1 [HSV-1] causes serious infections particularly in immunocompromised patients. Methanolic extract of four plants were evaluated for their anti-viral effects against acyclovir resistant HSV-1 in HeLa cell line. The 50% cytotoxic concentration [CC50] as well as the effective minimal cytotoxic concentration of each plant extract were evaluated by MTT assay. Antiviral effects of the plant extracts on HSV-1 were examined at different concentrations of the extract. The effective minimal cytotoxic concentration was evaluated at different times of virus replication after infection. Virus titration was assessed by tissue culture infectious dose 50 [TCID50] method. Among the 4 plant extracts evaluated only Mentha pulegium L. extract was shown to exert the highest antiviral activity, with selectivity index [SI] 10.25. Direct treatment of HSV-1 with Mentha pulegium L. extract resulted in 1.7 log10 TCID50 reduction in virus titers after one hour. The highest reduction in HSV-1 infectivity was obtained 1 hour after the infection of the cells with virus resulting in 2.1 log10 TCID50 reduction as compared to the control. The antiviral effects of Mentha pulegium L. extract on HSV-1 after virus infection was more remarkable than the virucidal activity
ABSTRACT
Background: Herpes simplex virus type 1 [HSV-1] is a common virus in human. The rate of drug resistance is increasing in HSV-1. In this study, anti-viral effects of Rhus coriaria L. fruit extract was evaluated against acyclovir resistant HSV-1 before, during and after the infection of Hela cell line
Materials and methods: In this experimental study, the trypan blue and 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide [MTT] tests were used to rule out the potential toxic effects extract on the Hela cell line. Antiviral effects of the extract on acyclovir resistant HSV-1 were evaluated before the infection and at different concentrations of the extract. The effective minimal cytotoxic concentration was assessed at different times of virus replication after virus adsorption. Virus titer was determined by tissue culture infectious dose 50 [TCID50] method
Results: The CC50 value and effective minimal cytotoxic concentration were determined at 780 micro g/ml and 390 micro g/ml respectively. Treatment of HSV-1 with extract resulted in 1 log10 TCID50 reduction in virus titers after 3 and 4 hour. The highest reduction in acyclovir resistant HSV-1 infectivity was obtained 2 and 4 hour after the infection of the cells with virus resulting in 1.7 log10 TCID50 reduction as compared with control
Conclusion: The antiviral effects of Rhus coriaria L. fruit extract on acyclovir resistant HSV-1 after virus infection was more remarkable than the treatment of virus with the extract before virus adsorption
ABSTRACT
Improving vaccine potency in the induction of a strong cell-mediated cytotoxicity can enhance the efficacy of vaccines. Necrotic cells and the supernatant of necrotic tumor cells are attractive adjuvants, on account of their ability to recruit antigen-presenting cells to the site of antigen synthesis as well as its ability to stimulate the maturation of dendritic cells. To evaluate the utility of supernatant of necrotic tumor cells as a DNA vaccine adjuvant in a murine model. The supernatant of EL4 necrotic cells was co-administered with a DNA vaccine expressing the glycoprotein B of Herpes simplex virus-1 as an antigen model under the control of Cytomegalovirus promoter. C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated three times at two weeks intervals with glycoprotein B DNA vaccine and supernatant of necrotic EL4 cells. Five days after the last immunization, cell cytotoxicity, IFN-gamma and IL-4 were evaluated. The obtained data showed that the production of IFN-gamma from the splenocytes after antigenic stimulation in the presence of the supernatant of necrotic EL4 cells was significantly higher than the other groups [p<0.002]. The flow cytometry results showed a significant increase in the apoptosis/necrosis of EL4 cells in the mice immunized with DNA vaccine and supernatant of necrotic EL4 cells comparing to the other groups [p<0.001]. The supernatant of necrotic cells contains adjuvant properties that can be considered as a candidate for tumor vaccination
ABSTRACT
Studies on efficacy of various vaccines that prevent or reduce the primary and recurrent HSV-1 infection have demonstrated the importance of cellular immunity for protection against the infection. We previously used DNA vaccination to induce cellular immunity against HSV-1 infection in mice. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of LIGHT; a member of TNF super family, on the kinetic of CTL response induced by HSV-1 glycoprotein B based DNA vaccine. Using a granzyme B ELISA for detection and analysis of CD8+ T cells, CTL activity was determined in the spleen of BALB/c mice at various time points after primary and booster dose of vaccination. The kinetics of CTL response to primary and secondary HSV-1 infection and DNA vaccination were compared to those induced by DNA vaccination in combination with LIGHT adjuvant in the present study. In primary and secondary immunization, the CTL activity in the HSV injected group peaked 7 days and 12 hours post immunization, respectively. After 5 days, LIGHT could neither accelerate the CTL response compared to DNA vaccination alone nor could enhance the CTL activity in the primary and the first peak of memory response, the amount of granzyme B induced by the LIGHT containing vaccine was significantly higher than that induced by the vaccine without the adjuvant. Although LIGHT enhances the cellular response in the booster dose of vaccination, it does not accelerate the CTL response
ABSTRACT
Herpes simplex virus type 1 is one of the most common viruses among human population. Studies demonstrate the essential role of cell mediated immunity, especially CD8+ T cells, in prevention and clearance of HSV1. It is of great importance to improve our knowledge about the kinetics of CTL responses to primary and secondary HSV-1 infection. Using a sensitive technique for detection and analysis of CD8+ T cells, granzyme B ELISA, the CTL activity in the spleens of Balb/c mice at various time points after intraperitoneal administration of HSV1 [strain KOS] in primary and secondary infections were determined. During acute HSV-1 infection, virus specific cytotoxic T cells were detected at day 5 post virus inoculation and peaked at day 7. Six hours after secondary infection the activity of memory CD8+ T cells was detected and peaked at 12 hours post infection. The peak of CTL activity was found to be day 7 post infection in primary HSV-1 infections which decreased with time. In secondary infections, the activity of CTLs reached the highest level at 12 hours post infection