ABSTRACT
Colorants are mainly used to impart a distinctive appearance to the pharmaceutical dosage forms. The present study was carried out to develop aluminium lake color of a dye obtained from red cabbageusing different adsorbent (s) (Aluminium oxide or aluminium hydroxide or combination of both) in different ratio by simply mixing them to get dye adsorbed onto the surface of adsorbent.Batch Mode studies were carried out for 60 minutes. Aluminiumhydroxide at a concentration level of 30% w/v found to be the choice of adsorbent after optimization because maximum adsorption of dye from reaction mixture after 60 minutes and maximum % yield.After optimization of adsorbent the effect of pH and temperature also studied by formulating lake by varying these two parameters. It was observed that a higher temperature (50oC) and a slight acidic pH (6) favor the adsorption. The lake then characterized for various physicochemical properties like angle of repose, Carr’s index, hausner’s ratio, loss on drying, particle size and limit test for heavy metals. The lake was found to follow pseudo second order kinetics.
ABSTRACT
Aim: To study (1) effect of pioglitazone mono-therapy on body composition in treatment naive type-2 diabetes mellitus patients and (2) relationship between changes in body composition and insulin resistance induced by pioglitazone. Methods: Subjects: 49 newly diagnosed non-obese T2DM patients were recruited. Design: Open label observational study. Drug and Dose: pioglitazone 30 mg orally once daily for at least 6 months. Exclusion: Primary un-responsiveness at 3 months (10 subjects) and adverse effect (2 subjects). Final analysis done on 37 subjects (Mean age 47.9 years, male:female ratio 20:10) Controls: 37 healthy control subjects (Mean age 47 years M:F ratio 27:10) with normal glucose as per American Diabetes Association criteria. Study parameters were: Plasma glucose, Lipid profile, body mass index, HOMA-R, HOMA-B and body composition measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) at start and after at least 6 months of follow up. Results: Treatment with pioglitazone was associated with significantly decreased glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting and post-prandial plasma glucose, insulin resistance and triglycerides HDL ratio.Significant increase in total body, limb and head fat mass was observed. The trunk composition did not show significant change. The DEXA Parameters of body composition of diabetics became comparable with controls. Significant correlation was seen between decrease in FPG, PPG, insulin resistance and increase in limb fat mass. Conclusions: Pioglitazone alters body composition by increasing limb and head fat content, without altering trunk fat. Decrease in insulin resistance by it is related to increase in limb fat mass.
ABSTRACT
To determine the various factors influencing glycemic response to pioglitazone mono therapy in newly diagnosed Asian Indian T2DM patients. Thirty T2DM patients (age 53.23±8.067 yrs, M : F ratio 14:16) were treated with pioglitazone for at least 14 weeks. Relationship between its glucose lowering effect and following patient parameters was studied: BMI, W:H ratio, HOMA-R, HOMA-β and Pro12Ala polymorph of PPAR-γ gene. Glycemic targets could be achieved in 20 (66.67%) subjects. All the parameters were comparable among responders and non-responders at the start of therapy. All the participants were homozygous for Pro allele of Pro12Ala polymorph of PPAR-γ gene. There was a significant positive association between glycemic response to pioglitazone and W: H ratio (beta = 0.426, P = 0.034) and HOMA-R (beta = 0.563, P = 0.008). Primary pioglitazone failure cannot be explained on the basis of body fat and its distribution, insulin resistance and secretory function and Pro12Ala polymorph of PPAR-γ gene. Among responders central obesity and high insulin resistance were associated with better glycemic response.