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ABSTRACT Objectives: Evaluate the celiac disease (CD) markers, within the scope of its screening, in a pediatric population with diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) at Hospital de Braga (HB) and determine the prevalence of CD in the sample. Reflect on CD screening algorithm applied in this pediatric population. Subjects and methods: Retrospective observational study with 94 patients diagnosed with T1D at age 10 years or younger, followed up at the HB Outpatient Diabetology Consultation, including those referred from other hospitals. Record of clinical information, IgA anti-transglutaminase and anti-endomysium and HLA DQ2/DQ8 haplotypes. Results: We obtained positive serological test for CD in 4 patients. This test had 100% sensitivity and specificity. The prevalence of CD was 4.3% (n = 4). Positive HLA screening in 84.6% of patients, with both sensitivity and negative predictive value of 100% and specificity of 16.67%. Diagnosis of CD was made on average 3.40 ± 3.32 years after the diagnosis of TD1. All cases of CD registered non-gastrointestinal manifestations, none had gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusion: This study proved that there is a higher prevalence of CD in pediatric population with TD1, when compared to general population, and clarified the importance of CD screening. Furthermore, it was observed that serological screening for CD antibodies is an excellent screening test and HLA typing, although not the most suitable first line test, can be useful in excluding the possibility of patients with T1D developing CD.
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Abstract Introduction: Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a rare disorder characterized by the triad of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury, which primarily affects preschool-aged children. This study's aim was to describe the clinical profile, management, and long-term outcome of the genetic aHUS patients admitted to a tertiary care pediatric nephrology center during 20 years. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of the clinical records of all aHUS patients younger than 18 years with identified genetic mutations. Data on clinical features, genetic study, therapeutic interventions, and long-term outcomes were reviewed. Results: Five cases of aHUS with an identified genetic mutation were included; all were inaugural cases with the youngest being 4 months old. Complement factor H gene mutation was identified in four patients. Therapeutic plasma exchange was performed for acute management in 4 patients, one of whom also needed acute renal replacement therapy (peritoneal dialysis). All patients went on complete remission, 2 had more than one relapse but only 1 of these progressed to chronic kidney disease during the follow-up period (median (25th-75th percentile), 136 (43.5-200.5) months). Conclusion: In children, the prognosis of renal function seems to be strongly dependent on the genetic background, thus being crucial to perform genetic study in all aHUS cases. In our cohort, 2 patients presented genetic mutations not previously described. Recent innovations on the genetic field leading to the identification of new mutations has lead to a better understanding of aHUS pathogenesis, but further studies, focusing on the genotype-phenotype correlation, with longer follow-up periods, are needed.
Resumo Introdução: A síndrome hemolítica urêmica atípica (SHUa) é um distúrbio raro caracterizado pela tríade de anemia hemolítica microangiopática, trombocitopenia e lesão renal aguda, afetando principalmente crianças em idade pré-escolar. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever perfil clínico, manejo e desfecho em longo prazo dos pacientes com SHUa genética admitidos em um centro terciário de nefrologia pediátrica durante 20 anos. Métodos: Realizamos análise retrospectiva dos registros clínicos de todos os pacientes com SHUa menores de 18 anos com mutações genéticas identificadas. Revisaram-se dados sobre características clínicas, estudo genético, intervenções terapêuticas e desfechos em longo prazo. Resultados: Incluíram-se cinco casos de SHUa com uma mutação genética identificada; sendo todos casos inaugurais, o mais jovem tendo 4 meses de idade. A mutação no gene do fator H do complemento foi identificada em quatro pacientes. Plasmaférese terapêutica foi realizada para tratamento agudo em 4 pacientes, um dos quais também necessitou terapia renal substitutiva aguda (diálise peritoneal). Todos os pacientes tiveram remissão completa, 2 mais de uma recidiva, mas apenas 1 evoluiu para doença renal crônica durante acompanhamento (mediana (percentil 25°-75°), 136 (43,5-200,5) meses). Conclusão: Em crianças, o prognóstico da função renal parece ser fortemente dependente do histórico genético, sendo crucial realizar estudo genético em todos os casos de SHUa. Em nossa coorte, 2 pacientes apresentaram mutações genéticas não descritas anteriormente. Inovações recentes no campo genético que levaram à identificação de novas mutações conduziram a um melhor entendimento da patogênese SHUa, mas são necessários mais estudos, focando na correlação genótipo-fenótipo, com períodos de acompanhamento mais longos.