ABSTRACT
The objective of the present study was to compare the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) and carprofen (CP) on postoperative incisional pain using the plantar incision (PI) model in rats. A 1-cm longitudinal incision was made through skin, fascia and muscles of a hind paw of male Wistar rats and the development of mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity was determined over 4 days using the von Frey and Hargreaves methods, respectively. Based on the experimental treatments received on the third postoperative day, the animals were divided into the following groups: PI+CP (CP, 2 mg/kg, po); PI+EAST36 (100-Hz EA applied bilaterally at the Zusanli point (ST36)); PI+EANP (EA applied to a non-acupoint region); PI+IMMO (immobilization only); PI (vehicle). In the von Frey test, the PI+EAST36 group had higher withdrawal force thresholds in response to mechanical stimuli than the PI, PI+IMMO and PI+EANP groups at several times studied. Furthermore, the PI+EAST36 group showed paw withdrawal thresholds in response to mechanical stimuli that were similar to those of the PI+CP group. In the Hargreaves test, all groups had latencies higher than those observed with PI. The PI+EAST36 group was similar to the PI+IMMO, PI+EANP and PI+CP groups. We conclude that 100-Hz EA at the ST36 point, but not at non-acupoints, can reduce mechanical nociception in the rat model of incisional pain, and its effectiveness is comparable to that of carprofen.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use , Carbazoles/therapeutic use , Electroacupuncture/methods , Pain, Postoperative/therapy , Disease Models, Animal , Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The predators Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Menéville (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) and Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), are frequently observed on vegetable crops, especially on tomato plants, as well as on flowers of several plants around crop fields. It is well known that when predators feed on pollen and nectar they can increase their longevity and reproductive capacity. The objective of this work was to identify plants that could be a pollen source for H. convergens and C. externa in order to develop strategies to attract and keep these predators in vegetable fields like the tomato crop. Adults of C. externa (53 individuals) and H. convergens (43 individuals) were collected in fields from 2004-2005 at Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasília, Federal District. The insects were processed by the acetolysis method and pollen from them was extracted and identified. A total of 11335 grains of pollen belonging to 21 families were extracted from C. externa. A total of 46 pollen grains belonging to ten families were extracted from H. convergens. The Poaceae family was the most abundant one for C. externa while Asteraceae was the commonest pollen for H. convergens. The importance of pollen from different plant species as a food resource for each predator species gives an indication of the importance of plant community structure inside and around crop fields for the establishment of these predator populations and to enhance conservation biological control.
Os predadores Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) e Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Menéville (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) são frequentemente observados em cultivos de hortaliças, especialmente tomateiros, bem como sobre flores de diversas plantas próximas aos cultivos. Sabe-se que os predadores, quando se alimentam de pólen e néctar, aumentam a sua longevidade e a sua capacidade reprodutiva. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as plantas que poderiam servir de fonte de pólen para as espécies selecionadas, com vistas a desenvolver estratégias para atrair e manter estas espécies em cultivos de hortaliças, especialmente de tomateiro. Adultos de C. externa (53 indivíduos) e H. convergens (43 indivíduos) foram coletados em 2005 no campo experimental da Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasília, Distrito Federal. Os insetos foram processados pelo método de acetólise e os grãos de pólen, extraídos e identificados. Um total de 11335 grãos de pólen, pertencentes a 21 famílias foi identificado para C. externa, enquanto que 46 grãos de pólen, pertencentes a dez famílias botânicas, foram identificados para H. convergens. O pólen da família Poaceae foi o mais abundante para C. externa, e o pólen da família Asteraceae foi o mais comum para H. convergens. A importância relativa do pólen de diferentes espécies de plantas como recursos alimentares para cada espécie predadora dá indicações da importância da flora dentro e no entorno da cultura para o estabelecimento das populações desses predadores e incremento do controle biológico conservativo.