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1.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 83(5): 772-792, dic. 2023. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1534881

ABSTRACT

Resumen La urticaria es un patrón distintivo de respuesta inflamatoria de piel y/o mucosas caracterizada por la aparición súbita de ronchas evanescentes, angioedema o ambos, asociados a prurito. Las formas agudas son frecuentes y se limitan a brotes de menos de 6 sema nas; mientras que las crónicas tienen una prevalencia menor al 1%, mayor duración y pueden ser espontáneas o inducibles. Los mecanismos etiopatogénicos involucrados en esta enfermedad incluyen la autoalergia, la autoinmunidad y la inflamación con la activación celular, principalmente del mastocito, lo que lleva a su degranulación con libe ración de mediadores vasoactivos. En su abordaje son fundamentales la confirmación diagnóstica; la búsqueda de indicadores de su etiopa togenia; la detección de cofactores que pueden modular su actividad; el reconocimiento de comorbilidades; la evaluación de posibles biomarcadores y, el impacto en la calidad de vida, el registro de la actividad y el control de la enfermedad. El manejo farmacológico tiene por objetivo controlar los síntomas, mientras la urticaria resuelve de forma espontánea. Este se describe de forma escalonada con una complejidad creciente.


Abstract Urticaria is a distinctive pattern of inflammatory re sponse of the skin and/or mucous membranes charac terized by the sudden appearance of vanishing wheals, angioedema, or both, associated with pruritus. Acute forms are frequent and limited to outbreaks of less than 6 weeks; while the chronic ones have a prevalence of less than 1%, longer duration and can be spontaneous or inducible. The etiopathogenic mechanisms involved in this disease include autoallergy, autoimmunity, and inflam mation with cell activation, mainly of the mast cell, leading to its degranulation with the release of vasoac tive mediators. Along its approach, diagnostic confirmation, search for indicators of its etiopathogenesis, detection of cofactors that can modulate its activity, recognition of comorbidi ties, evaluation of possible biomarkers and the assess ment of disease activity, impact and control are essential. The pharmacological management aims to control the symptoms, until the urticaria, which is self-resolv ing, is gone. This is described in a stepwise fashion with increasing complexity.

2.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 74(supl.1): 1-53, ago. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-734416

ABSTRACT

Se actualiza el diagnóstico de la urticaria crónica (UC) y los conceptos, definiciones y sugerencias basados en la evidencia para su tratamiento. La urticaria ocurre en al menos 20% de la población en algún momento de la vida. Su etiología difiere en la forma aguda (menos de 6 semanas), y en la crónica. No es posible pronosticar si las formas agudas evolucionarán a UC, ya que todas son agudas al comienzo. La UC ocurre como espontánea (UCE) o inducible (UCI). El diagnóstico es sencillo, pero incluye un minucioso estudio para descartar diagnósticos diferenciales; para UCI son útiles las pruebas de provocación en la caracterización y manejo. Los estudios complementarios se deben limitar y orientar según sospecha clínica. El tratamiento se divide en tres enfoques: evitación, eliminación o tratamiento del estímulo desencadenante o de la causa, y tratamiento farmacológico. Recientemente éste se modificó, con empleo de antihistamínicos de segunda generación como primera línea y aumento de dosis de antihistamínicos H1 no sedantes, hasta 4 veces, como segunda línea. Los antihistamínicos son fundamentales para tratar la UC; sin embargo, un 40% de los pacientes no logra un buen control pese al aumento de dosis y requiere otro medicamento adicional. La evidencia más reciente considera que un grupo de fármacos puede utilizarse como tercera línea en estos casos, para mejorar la calidad de vida y limitar la toxicidad por el uso frecuente o crónico de esteroides sistémicos. Se recomiendan para esta tercera línea solo 3 fármacos: omalizumab, ciclosporina A o antileucotrienos.


This interdisciplinary paper summarizes the news in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic urticaria (CU), and provides concepts, definitions and evidence-based suggestions for its management. Urticaria occurs in at least 20% of the population at some point in their lives. Acute urticaria (less than 6 weeks' duration), differs from CU in its etiology, but the onset of this disease is always acute. CU may occur as spontaneous (SCU) or induced (ICU). The diagnosis is simple, although a careful evaluation is necessary for differential diagnosis. ICU´s diagnosis is mainly clinical, even if provocation tests can be useful. Supplementary studies should be limited and based on the clinical suspicion. Treatment may be divided into three approaches: avoidance, elimination or treatment of the cause, and pharmacological treatment. Recently treatment has been modified with the use of second-generation antihistamines as first-line and increased doses of nonsedating H1 antihistamines, up to 4 times, as second line. Antihistamines are essential to treat CU; however, 40% of patients do not achieve good control despite increased doses and require additional treatment. The most recent evidence indicates a group of drugs to be used as third line in these cases, to improve quality of life and to limit toxicity from frequent or chronic use of systemic steroids. Only 3 drugs are recommended as third line: omalizumab, cyclosporin A or anti-leukotrienes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Allergic Agents/therapeutic use , Histamine Antagonists/therapeutic use , Urticaria/diagnosis , Urticaria/drug therapy , Urticaria/etiology , Algorithms , Argentina , Angioedema/drug therapy , Angioedema/pathology , Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/therapeutic use , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use , Autoimmune Diseases/complications , Chronic Disease , Clinical Trials as Topic , Cyclosporine/therapeutic use , Diagnosis, Differential , Evidence-Based Medicine/economics , Immunoglobulin E/metabolism , Leukotriene Antagonists/therapeutic use , Omalizumab , Quality of Life , Urticaria/classification , Urticaria/complications , Urticaria/physiopathology
3.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 74 Suppl 1: 1-53, 2014.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1165174

ABSTRACT

This interdisciplinary paper summarizes the news in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic urticaria (CU), and provides concepts, definitions and evidence-based suggestions for its management. Urticaria occurs in at least 20


of the population at some point in their lives. Acute urticaria (less than 6 weeks’ duration), differs from CU in its etiology, but the onset of this disease is always acute. CU may occur as spontaneous (SCU) or induced (ICU). The diagnosis is simple, although a careful evaluation is necessary for differential diagnosis. ICU’s diagnosis is mainly clinical, even if provocation tests can be useful. Supplementary studies should be limited and based on the clinical suspicion. Treatment may be divided into three approaches: avoidance, elimination or treatment of the cause, and pharmacological treatment. Recently treatment has been modified with the use of second-generation antihistamines as first-line and increased doses of nonsedating H1 antihistamines, up to 4 times, as second line. Antihistamines are essential to treat CU; however, 40


of patients do not achieve good control despite increased doses and require additional treatment. The most recent evidence indicates a group of drugs to be used as third line in these cases, to improve quality of life and to limit toxicity from frequent or chronic use of systemic steroids. Only 3 drugs are recommended as third line: omalizumab, cyclosporin A or anti-leukotrienes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Urticaria/diagnosis , Urticaria/etiology , Urticaria/drug therapy , Anti-Allergic Agents/therapeutic use , Histamine Antagonists/therapeutic use , Argentina , Quality of Life , Urticaria/physiopathology , Algorithms , Chronic Disease , Clinical Trials as Topic , Diagnosis, Differential , Omalizumab , Angioedema/drug therapy
4.
Rev. peru. epidemiol. (Online) ; 16(1): 1-6, ene.-abr. 2012. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-658558

ABSTRACT

La prevalencia de diabetes mellitus (DM) ha mostrado un rápido incremento en los últimos años en Cuba. La estrategia de población de alto riesgo es la principal prioridad dentro del Programa Nacional de Atención Integral al diabético. Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento de la prevalencia e incidencia por DM según variables socio-demográficas en el período 1998 û 2009 en Cuba. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis de los informes anuales emitidos por el Registro Nacional de Dispensarización de diabetes mellitus (RND-DM) entre 1998 a 2009. Para estudiar la tendencia y su representación según el modelo lineal, se usaron los métodos del mínimo cuadrado y porcentaje de cambio. Resultados: Los cambios en la incidencia ocurrieron principalmente en el período de 1998 al 2002, en los grupos de edades 65 años y más y 25 a 59 años, con tasas de cambio de 83.4% y 83.1% respectivamente. Al sexo femenino le correspondieron las mayores tasas del período estudiado: 1.48 (1998), 2.69 (2002) y 2.7 (2009) (tasas por cada 1000 habitantes). Con respecto a la prevalencia, los grupos de edades con mayores tasas fueron los de 60 a 64 años, y 65 y más años. Al sexo femenino le correspondieron las mayores tasas del período: 25.69 (1998), 34.58 (2002) y 48.7 (2009) (tasas por cada 1000 habitantes). Conclusiones: Durante el periodo estudiado hubo un incremento de la incidencia y la prevalencia de DM. El sexo más afectado es el femenino. La tendencia lineal de la serie cronológica mostró un ascenso durante el período.


The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has shown a rapid increase in recent years in Cuba. The population at high risk strategy is the main priority within the National Programme for Integral Care of the diabetic patient. Objective: to determine the prevalence and incidence of DM behaviour according to socio-demographic variables between 1998 and 2009 in Cuba. Methods: An analysis of annual reports issued by the National Register of medical classification of diabetes mellitus (DMRND) from 1998 to 2009 was performed. To study the trend and its representation by the linear model, least square method and rate of change were used. Results: incidence rate changes occurred mainly in the period from 1998 to 2002, in the age groups of 65 years and older and 25 to 59 years, with change rates of 83.4% and 83.1% respectively. Females accounted for the highest change rates in the study period: 1.48 (1998), 2.69 (2002) and 2.7 (2009) (rates per 1000 inhabitants). With regard to prevalence, age groups with higher rates were 60 to 64 years, and 65 and over. Also females accounted for the highest rates in the period: 25.69 (1998), 34.58 (2002) and 48.7 (2009) (rates per 1000 inhabitants). Conclusions: there was an increase in the incidence and prevalence of DM during the study period. Females are the most affected. The linear trend of the time series showed a rise during the period.


Subject(s)
Humans , Diabetes Mellitus , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology , Incidence , Morbidity , Prevalence , Cuba
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