ABSTRACT
Aim To study the preparation of α-cobro-toxin-loaded poly ( lactide-co-glycolide ) microspheres and their analgesic effect. Method The microspheres were prepared by modified water-in-oil-in-oil ( w/o/o ) emulsion solvent evaporation method. A tail flick assay was used to evaluate the analgesic activity of the micro-spheres after nasal administration. Result The micro-spheres with high entrapment efficiency ( >80%) and average diameter of about 25 μm could be prepared by modified water-in-oil-in-oil ( w/o/o ) emulsion solvent evaporation method. A tail flick assy showed the evi-dence for their analgesic effect. Conclusion When Chinese cobraneurotoxin is loaded into microsphere and then the microsphere is administered through nasal cav-ity, its analgesic effect is enhanced significantly.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the conversion rate of subtypes of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) to Alzheimer' s disease (AD) and assess the contribution of neuropsychological disturbance in progression from MCI to AD over 2 years. Method Subjects from memory clinic of Huashan hospital including 130 of who met the operational criteria for Mayo Clinic defined aMCI by neuropsychological tests covering global cognitive function, executive function, memory function, language function and visual spatial skills. They underwent multidimensional assessment and a neuropsychological battery at baseline and at follow-up, after about 2 years. Diagnosis for dementia was based on National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke; Alzheimer' s Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) criteria. Results Forty-four cases of 130 (33. 8% ) elder people with aMCI converted to probable AD with 17 aMCI-s and 27 aMCI-m subjects within an average 23.8 (6. 8 ) months. There was significant difference between the reversion rate of aMCI-s and aMCI-m (26. 2% vs 42. 9%, x2 = 3.957,P = 0. 047). Moreover, as the disease progressing,the two groups declined similarly in memory and executive function while in the aMCI-s group, the function of spatial structure relatively reserved in aMCI-s but function of language and attention diminished faster, and in the aMCI-m group, the ability of spatial structure declined even more significantly. Conclusion The aMCI-m is more likely to progress to AD than aMCI-s and it' s necessary to divide aMCI into aMCI-s and aMCI-m to help determine prognosis.
ABSTRACT
Objective To draw up the Chinese Words Reading Test and try to use it as way of premorbid intelligence. Methods 373 health middle-elderly people as study subjects, from five communities in Shanghai city, are between age 55 and 85, and their edueational background is junior high school or above, and their MMSE scores are more than 24 points. 34 of the cases have finished CWRT and Weehsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Chinese Revised edition. The main analysis indicators of CWRT: CWRT-Ⅰ for number of right reading 50 characters and CWRT-Ⅱ for 50 words. Results Both CWRT-Ⅰ and CWRT-Ⅱ are relative to education level( r = 0.462,0.489, and P < 0.01), while the correlation with age is not signifieant. Performance of the male participants are better than that of the female. The coefficient of correlation between scores of CWRT-Ⅰ and full IQ of WAIS is 0.79. The mean and standard deviation of scores of CWRT-Ⅰ and CWRT-Ⅱ for the normal elder people with different education levels and gender are provided. Conclusion CWRT is not very diffieuh or easy, and is highly relative to score of WAIS. So it can be used as an evaluating tool for premorbid intelligence.