ABSTRACT
Antibiotics are frequently prescribed in the older person, the dosification needs special care, since the pharmacokinetic parameters changes with aging and the side effects can be different in the older person. The creatinine clearance changes and we must modify the way we prescribe such antibiotics to the elderly, calculating. The variety of antibiotics now available led us to consider this paper in which we have presented the antimicrobial agents that can be considered in the treatment of the older person. We present several groups: the penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems and betalactamase inhibitors or the great betalactam group. Other trimetroprin-sulfame-thoxazole, the newer macrolides (azithromycin and clarithromycin) as well as the aminoglycosides, vancomycin, clindamycin, metroridazole. The indications and contraindications are presented and reviewed.
Subject(s)
Humans , Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Age Factors , Anti-Infective Agents , Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Aminoglycosides/administration & dosage , Aminoglycosides/therapeutic use , Carbapenems/administration & dosage , Carbapenems/therapeutic use , Cephalosporins/administration & dosage , Cephalosporins/therapeutic use , Drug Interactions , Fluoroquinolones/administration & dosage , Fluoroquinolones/therapeutic use , Monobactams , Macrolides/administration & dosage , Macrolides/therapeutic use , Penicillins/administration & dosage , Penicillins/therapeutic use , Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination/administration & dosage , Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination/therapeutic use , beta-Lactamases/antagonists & inhibitorsABSTRACT
Infections in the older person are common and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Infections of the urinary tract, skin and soft tissue infections including decubitus ulcers, antibiotics associated diarrhea and lower respiratory tract infections are particularly important in the elderly because of their frequency. While most initial antibiotic therapy is empiric, its important before treatment to try to document the etiology for better use of antibiotics. Infections of the urinary tract are frequently and potentially serious in the elderly, they must be separated from asymptomatic bacteriuria that requires no therapy. Upper and lower urinary tract infections are frequently caused by aerobic gram negative bacilli and or enterococci. Most authors prefer the use of fluoroquinolones to manage such infections. The elderly with decubitus ulcer presents a problem in management, since these are frequent polymicrobic infections in which anaerobes play an important role. The initial therapy usually involves the combination of a fluoroquinolone plus an antianaerobic agent like clindamycin. C. difficile diarrhea as frequent in nursing home residents as well as the older person with prior antibiotics. The treatment should be with metronidazole and avoid the use of vancomycin. Pneumonias in the elderly can be acquired in the community, the nursing home or during a hospitalization. The etiologic agents that predominate change from S. pneumoniae and atypicals in those from the community to an increase in gram negative pneumonia. The initial treatment as started by most authors as well as guidelines include the use of a new fluoroquinolone like gatifloxacin alone or in combination with a beta-lactamic agent like ceftriaxone. For those infections acquired in the hospital therapy with third or fourth generation cephalosporins, carbapenems, beta-lactams with betalactamase inhibitors alone or in combination with an aminoglucoside and or vancomycin if MRSA is suspected is accepted therapy