El embarazo adolescente: un error o un deseo cumplido / Teenage pregnancies: a mistake or a fulfilled wish

Resumen Antecedentes: En México los embarazos adolescentes son 77 por cada 1,000. De los nacimientos anuales, el 17% son de madres adolescentes, con casi 350,000. Objetivo: Explicar por qué las adolescentes se embarazan a pesar del conocimiento de métodos anticonceptivos. Métodos: Con un estudio exploratorio y observacional, se evaluaron a 300 adolescentes embarazadas de 15 a 19 años, que no tenían antecedentes de consumo de sustancias adictivas y cuyos embarazos no fueron resultado de una violación.. Se aplicó el cuestionario de funcionamiento familiar y una entrevista de los antecedentes sociodemográficos. Resultados: El inicio de vida sexual fue a los 12 años para el 1.7%, de las participantes, a los 13 para el 7.3%, a los 14 para el 18.7%, a los 15 para el 36%, a los 16 para el 19.3% y las restantes (17%) tuvieron un inicio a los 19 años. El 100% manifestó que conocía métodos anticonceptivos, incluyendo la píldora del día siguiente. Conclusiones: El embarazo a temprana edad viene acompañado de mitos sociales e individuales sobre el conocimiento de la sexualidad humana, la anticoncepción y la vida amorosa. El embarazo representa para las jóvenes tener un objeto de amor y obtener un lugar en el mundo y dentro sus familias.

Abstract Background: In Mexico, teenage pregnancy is 77 for every 1,000. In terms of annual births, 17% are from teenage mothers, which are almost 350,000. Objective: To explain why teenage girls get pregnant in spite of knowing about contraceptives. Method: An observational and exploratory study by which 300 pregnant teenage girls between 15 and 19 years old were evaluated, with no history of substance abuse and whose pregnancies were not the result of rape. A questionnaire on family dynamics and an interview about their sociodemographic background were applied. Results: The first sexual intercourse for 1.7% of the participants was at 12 years old; for 7.3%, at 13; for 18.7%, at 14; for 36%, at 15; for 19.3%, at 16, and for the remaining 17%, near 19 years old. All of them (100%) stated they knew about contraceptives, including the morning-after pill. Conclusions: Pregnancies at an early age come with individual and social myths about the knowledge of human sexuality, contraception, and love life. For these young women, a pregnancy represents an object of love and obtaining a place in the world and within their families.

Arterial hypertension and associated factors: National Health Survey, 2019 / Hipertensão arterial e fatores associados: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2019

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the factors associated with self-reported arterial hypertension, as well as its prevalence in the Brazilian adult population. METHODS Data from 88,531 individuals aged 18 years or older who responded to the 2019 National Health Survey were analyzed. The outcome studied was self-reported arterial hypertension. Sociodemographic variables and clinical and lifestyle conditions were considered as exposures. The prevalence ratio (PR), crude and adjusted for sex, age, and schooling was used as a measure of association to verify the factors related to its prevalence, obtained by Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS The prevalence of self-reported arterial hypertension was of 23.9% (95%CI: 23.4-24.4). When adjusting for age, sex, and schooling, the adjusted Prevalence Ratios (APR) were higher among: regular health self-assessment (APR = 1.6; 95%CI: 1.5-1.6) and bad health self-assessment (APR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.6-1.8); self-reference to heart disease (APR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.6-1.7), diabetes (APR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.6-1.8), high cholesterol (APR = 1.6; 95%CI: 1.6-1.7), overweight (APR = 1.4; 95%CI: 1.4-1.5), and obesity (APR = 2.0; 95%CI: 1.9-2.1); high salt intake (APR = 1.1; 95%CI: 1.0-1.1); higher among former smokers (APR = 1.1; 95%CI: 1.1-1.2) and lower among smokers (APR = 0.9; 95%CI: 0.8-0.9); and consumption of ultra-processed foods (APR = 0.9; 95%CI: 0.8-0.9). CONCLUSION A quarter of the Brazilian adult population claims to have arterial hypertension, more prevalent among women and associated with older age groups, Black, mixed-race, and others, low schooling, high salt intake, former smoking, presence of comorbidities, and worse health self-assessment.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar os fatores associados à hipertensão arterial autorreferida, bem como sua prevalência, na população de adultos brasileiros. MÉTODOS Foram analisados dados de 88.531 indivíduos de 18 anos ou mais que responderam à Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019. O desfecho estudado foi a hipertensão arterial autorreferida. Como exposições, foram consideradas variáveis sociodemográficas, condições clínicas e de estilo de vida. Para verificar os fatores associados à prevalência, usou-se como medida de associação a razão de prevalência (RP) bruta e ajustada por sexo, idade e escolaridade, obtidas por meio da Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. RESULTADOS A prevalência da hipertensão arterial autorreferida foi de 23,9% (IC95% 23,4-24,4). Ao ajustar por idade, sexo e escolaridade, as Razões de Prevalência ajustadas (RPaj) foram mais elevadas entre: auto avaliação de saúde regular (RPaj = 1,6; IC95% 1,5-1,6) e ruim (RPaj = 1,7; IC95% 1,6-1,8); autorreferência a doença do coração (RPaj = 1,7; IC95% 1,6-1,7), diabetes (RPaj = 1,7; IC95% 1,6-1,8), colesterol elevado (RPaj = 1,6; IC95% 1,6-1,7), sobrepeso (RPaj = 1,4; IC95% 1,4-1,5) e obesidade (RPaj = 2,0; IC95% 1,9-2,1); consumo elevado de sal (RPaj = 1,1; IC95% 1,0-1,1); entre ex-fumantes (RPaj = 1,1; IC95% 1,1-1,2) e menor entre fumantes (RPaj = 0,9; IC95% 0,8-0,9) e consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados (RPaj = 0,9; IC95% 0,8-0,9). CONCLUSÃO Um quarto da população adulta brasileira afirma ter hipertensão arterial, de forma mais prevalente entre as mulheres e associada às maiores faixas etárias, cor da pele/raça preta, parda e outras, baixa escolaridade, consumo elevado de sal, ex-tabagismo, presença de comorbidades e pior autoavaliação de saúde.

Colecciones botánicas ex situ y su importancia para la salud / Ex situ botanical collections and their importance for health

Las colecciones botánicas ex situ, como jardines botánicos, herbarios, banco de semillas y bancos de germoplasma, promueven el desarrollo de estrategias para la preservación y cuidado de la diversidad florística, que está relacionado directamente con la salud y alimentación del hombre, permitiendo comprender la importancia de los recursos naturales y el valor agregado que puede ser comprendido mediante la investigación y difusión de su valor.

Percepción del COVID ­ 19 en población indígena: el caso de puerto OCOPA ­ SATIPO. Región Junín- Perú. Año 2020 / Perception of COVID - 19 in the indigenous population: the case of the OCOPA - SATIPO port. Junín Region- Peru. year 2020

Durante la pandemia de COVID-19 el Centro Nacional de Salud Intercultural (CENSI) del Instituto Nacional de Salud realizó un estudio exploratorio en la comunidad de Puerto Ocopa ­ Satipo ­ Región Junín, a fin de identificar el comportamiento de la población respecto a esta enfermedad. Se aplicaron 104 encuestas a los pobladores presentes, observándose un nivel de conocimiento de 93.27%. El 88.5% de los participantes percibía que el contagio ocurría por el contacto con personas infectadas, refiriendo síntomas como fiebre (66.3 %), dolor de cabeza (58.7%), dolor de garganta (30.8%). El 70.19% de los encuestados usa mascarilla y el 100% refirió poner en práctica el lavado de manos.

Consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e obesidade abdominal: resultados da linha de base do ELSA-Brasil / Consumption of alcoholic beverages and abdominal obesity: cross-sectional analysis of ELSA-Brasil

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar a associação entre consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e adiposidade abdominal em adultos. Estudo transversal realizado com dados da linha de base do ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010). A amostra foi constituída por 15.065 servidores públicos de seis instituições de ensino e pesquisa (35 a 74 anos, ambos os sexos). Para identificar adiposidade central por meio das medidas de circunferência da cintura (CC) e relação cintura/quadril (RCQ), utilizou-se os pontos de corte preconizados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Para as análises estatísticas foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado e modelos de regressão de Poisson ajustados por variáveis potencialmente confundidoras. Cerca de 40% da amostra apresentava CC e RCQ elevadas. A probabilidade de apresentar CC elevada foi 5% e 3% maior no grupo mais exposto de consumo de cerveja em homens e mulheres quando comparado ao grupo de referência [RP = 1,05 (IC 95% 1,02-1,08) e RP = 1,03 (IC 95% 1,00-1,07)]. Também foi encontrada maior probabilidade de apresentar RCQ elevada entre os maiores consumidores de cerveja [RP = 1,03 (IC 95% 1,00-1,07) em homens e RP=1,10 (IC 95% 1,04-1,15) em mulheres]. Maior número de doses/semana de bebida alcoólica aumentou a probabilidade de ocorrência de CC e RCQ elevadas, sendo mais importante a contribuição da cerveja.

Abstract The objective was to analyze the association between alcohol consumption and abdominal adiposity in adults. Cross-sectional study conducted at baseline data from ELSA-Brasil (2008- 2010). The sample consisted of 15,065 civil servants from six education and research institutions (35 to 74 years old, both sexes). To identify central adiposity by measuring waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), the cutoff points recommended by the World Health Organization were used. Poisson regression models adjusted for potentially confounding variables were tested. About 40% of the sample had elevated WC and WHR. The probability of having elevated WC was 5% and 3% higher in the most exposed group of beer consumption in men and women when compared to the reference group [PR= 1.05 (95% CI 1.02-1.08) and P R= 1.03 (95% CI 1.00-1.07)]. A higher probability of having a high WHR was also found among the highest beer consumers [PR = 1.03 (95% CI 1.00-1.07) in men and PR = 1.10 (95% CI 1.04-1.15) in women]. A greater number of doses/week of alcoholic drink increased the probability of occurrence of high WC and WHR, with the beer contribution being more important.

Guía técnica para la colecta de plantas medicinales / Technical guide for the collection of medicinal plants

La publicación describe las pautas que contribuyen en la revalorización, rescate, conservación y difusión del conocimiento de las plantas medicinales como componente fundamental de la medicina tradicional o ancestral. Asimismo, brinda orientación técnica al personal de salud para la estandarización de los procedimientos y métodos para la la colecta y recopilación de plantas medicinales e información de su uso tradicional a nivel nacional

Guía técnica para la colecta de plantas medicinales / Technical guide for collecting medicinal plants

La presente publicación describe las pautas de orientación técnica al personal de salud para la estandarización de los procedimientos y métodos para la colecta y recopilación de plantas medicinales e información de su uso tradicional a nivel nacional.

Características de las plantas medicinales comercializadas en diferentes mercados de Lima Metropolitana y sus efectos sobre el medio ambiente y la salud pública / Characteristics of medicinal plants traded in different popular markets of Lima Metropolitan Area and their effects on the environment and public health

Objetivo: Evaluar las características de las plantas medicinales comercializadas en diferentes mercados de Lima Metropolitana y sus efectos sobre el medio ambiente y la salud pública.Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en mercados populares de Lima. Los datos se obtuvieron a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y observación no participante. Las variables consideradas fueron los nombres comunes, el origen, la forma de venta, la parte comercializada, el uso reportado, la estacionalidad y las especies más demandadas. Se consultó bibliografía especializada para determinar el origen de la especie y la categorización de especies amenazadas de flora silvestre para el estado de amenaza.Resultados: Se registraron 219 especímenes de plantas medicinales; se identificaron 183 que correspondían a 65 familias botánicas, principalmente, Asteraceae (37) y Lamiaceae (17), algunas de ellas en peligro de extinción. Conclusiones: Las plantas provienen, mayormente, de las tierras altas peruanas y se comercializan en forma de "atados". Una misma especie puede ser ofrecida para el tratamiento de varios problemas de salud. La demanda aumenta en invierno ( >85 especies). Las especies que se venden con mayor frecuencia son manzanilla, orégano, cedrón, toronjil, yerbaluisa, hinojo, muña, sábila o aloe, llantén y coca. Del total de especies identificadas, el 10 % está en peligro de extinción.

Objective: To evaluate the characteristics of medicinal plants traded in different popular markets of Lima Metropolitan Area and their effects on the environment and public health. Materials and methods: A descriptive study was carried out in popular markets of Lima. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and non-participant observation. The variables to be considered were common names, origin, retailing/wholesaling, part of the plant to be traded, reported use, seasonality and most demanded species. Specialized bibliography was reviewed to determine the origin of the species and their threat categorization for endangered wild flora species. Results: Two hundred ninteeen (219) species of medicinal plants were collected, out of which 183 were taxonomically identified and belonged to 65 botanical families, mostly Asteraceae (37) and Lamiaceae (17), some of them in danger of extinction. Conclusions: The plants mainly come from the Peruvian highlands and are marketed in "bundles". A same species whose demand is increased in winter (> 85 species) may be offered for the treatment of several health problems. The most frequently sold species are chamomile, oregano, cedron, melissa or lemon balm, lemon grass, fennel, muña (Minthostachys mollis), aloe, broadleaf plantain and coca. Out of the total number of species identified, 10 % is endangered.

Impacto de diferentes etiquetados frontales de alimentos según su calidad nutricional: estudio comparativo en México / Impact of different front-of-pack nutrition labels on foods according to their nutritional quality: a comparative study in Mexico

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la comprensión objetiva de cinco tipos de etiquetados frontales de paquetes (EFP) (Sistema de Clasificación de Estrellas de Salud, Semáforo Múltiple, Nutri-Score, Ingestas de Referencia y Símbolo de Advertencia) en México. Material y métodos: Se reclutaron 1 001 consumidores mexicanos para clasificar tres productos de tres categorías de alimentos sin EFP, según su calidad nutricional. Se les asignó al azar uno de los cinco EFP para clasificar los mismos productos, esta vez con un EFP en el empaque. El cambio en la capacidad para clasificar correctamente los productos en las dos tareas fue evaluado por EFP, utilizando un modelo de regresión logística ordinal. Resultados: Nutri-Score y Semáforo Múltiple obtuvieron un mejor desempeño, seguidos del Símbolo de Advertencia, Sistema de Clasificación de Estrellas de Salud e Ingestas de Referencia. Conclusión: Nutri-Score y el Semáforo Múltiple surgen como esquemas eficientes para informar a los consumidores sobre la calidad nutricional de los alimentos en México, donde podrían ser una herramienta útil para los consumidores en situación de compra.

Abstract: Objective: This study aimed to compare consumers' objective understanding of five FoPLs [Health Star Rating system (HSR), Multiple Traffic Lights (MTL), Nutri-Score, Reference Intakes (RIs), Warning Symbol] in Mexico. Materials and methods: 1 001 Mexican consumers were recruited and asked to rank three sets of label-free products according to their nutritional quality, via a survey. Upon completion of this task, participants were randomized to one of five FoPL conditions and were again asked to rank the same sets of products, this time with a FoPL displayed on pack. Change in ability to correctly rank products across the two tasks was assessed by FoPL using ordinal logistic regression. Results: Nutri-Score and MTL performed best, followed Warning Symbol, HSR and RIs. Conclusion: Nutri-Score and MTL appear as efficient schemes to inform consumers on the nutritional quality of foods, in particular in Mexico, where it would be a helpful tool for consumers in purchasing situations.

Validación de la Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión en población mexicana con trastorno de la conducta alimentaria / Validation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in Mexican population with eating disorders

Resumen Los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) son trastornos mentales caracterizados por la alteración del patrón de ingesta calórica. A su vez, los TCA presentan una alta comorbilidad con la depresión y la ansiedad. En México, la Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión (HADS) ha mostrado ser un instrumento de evaluación válido y confiable en pacientes con VIH, cáncer u obesidad, pero no se han examinado sus propiedades psicométricas en pacientes con TCA, siendo este el objetivo del presente trabajo. Participaron 325 pacientes (M edad = 22.0, DE =9.7), quienes completaron la HADS. Con base en el análisis de componentes principales, con rotación oblimin, la escala quedó conformada por 12 reactivos divididos en las dos subescalas predichas: Depresión (con nueve ítems) y Ansiedad (con tres ítems). Con base en esta estructura, se confirmó la consistencia interna tanto de la escala (α = 0.88) como de sus dos subescalas (α > 0.80). Sin embargo, los reactivos no se agruparon de forma similar a la escala original, por lo que se analiza en detalle la reconfiguración de la HADS a la luz de las características de la población con TCA en que se examinó la escala.

Abstract Eating disorders (ED) are psychiatric diseases characterized by the alteration of the caloric intake. Besides, ED have a high comorbidity with depression and anxiety. In Mexico, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) has shown to be a valid and reliable instrument in patients with HIV, cancer, and obesity but its psychometric properties have not been assessed in patients with ED, being the latter the aim of this research. A total of 325 patients (M age = 22.0, SD = 9.7), completed the HADS. Based on principal axis factoring and oblimin rotation the scale yielded 12 items divided into two subscales: Depression (with nine items) and Anxiety (with three items). With this structure was confirmed the internal consistency of the scale (α = 0.88) and the two subscales (α > 0.80), however the items did not group in the same order than they did in the original scale, for this reason the new configuration of the HADS was analyzed in detail based on the features of the population where the scale was examined, this means, in patients with ED.

Prevalência de incapacidade funcional em idosos: análise da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde / Prevalence of functional disability in the elderly: analysis of the National Health Survey

Objetivo: verificar a prevalência de incapacidade funcional para realização de atividades básicas e instrumentais de vida diária em idosos. Métodos: estudo transversal que utilizou dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, cuja amostra foi de 7.373 idosos. Resultados: a prevalência de incapacidade funcional para atividades básicas e instrumentais foi de 8,4% (Intervalo de Confiança 95,0%: 7,4-9,4) e 22,0% (Intervalo de Confiança 95,0%: 20,4- 23,6), respectivamente, sendo maior no sexo feminino, naqueles mais longevos (>75) e sem níveis de instrução. Aspectos demográficos, como menor faixa etária e sexo masculino, atenuaram a prevalência de incapacidade. Conclusão: os idosos apresentaram maior prevalência de incapacidade funcional para as atividades instrumentais tais como, fazer compras, administrar finanças, tomar remédios e sair sozinho.(AU)

Sodium and potassium intake estimated using two methods in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) / Consumo de sódio e potássio estimado por dois métodos no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil)

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Sodium and potassium intake from different food sources is an important issue regarding cardiovascular physiology. Epidemiological assessment of the intake of these electrolytes intake is done through food frequency questionnaires or urinary excretion measurements. Our aim was to compare these methods using a sample of Brazilian civil servants. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional baseline evaluation from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health. METHODS: Sodium and potassium intake was obtained using two methods: a semi-quantitative questionnaire including 114 food items; and overnight 12-hour urinary excretion measurement. Sodium and potassium estimates obtained through the questionnaire were adjusted for energy intake using the residual method. Urinary excretion measurements were considered valid if they met three adequacy criteria: collection time, volume and total creatinine excretion. Mean nutrients were estimated, and Spearman correlations were calculated. Sodium and potassium intake was categorized into quintiles, and weighted kappa coefficients and percentage agreement were calculated. The significance level for all tests was 0.05. RESULTS: Data from 15,105 participants were analyzed, and significant differences between mean intakes of sodium (questionnaire: 4.5 ± 1.7 g; urine: 4.2 ± 2.1 g) and potassium (questionnaire: 4.7 ± 1.8 g; urine: 2.4 ± 1 g) were found. Weak agreement was found for sodium (K = 0.18) and potassium (K = 0.16). The percentage disagreement between methods ranged from 41.8 to 44.5%, while exact concordance ranged from 22.1% to 23.9%. CONCLUSIONS: The agreement between the food frequency questionnaire and urinary excretion measurements for assessment of sodium and potassium intakes was modest.

RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: O consumo de sódio e potássio de diferentes fontes alimentares é uma questão importante para a fisiologia cardiovascular. A avaliação epidemiológica do consumo desses eletrólitos é feita pelo questionário de frequência alimentar ou pela excreção urinária. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar esses métodos em uma amostra de servidores públicos brasileiros. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Avaliação transversal da linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto. MÉTODOS: O consumo de sódio e potássio foi obtido por dois métodos: questionário semi-quantitativo com 114 itens alimentares e excreção urinária de 12 horas noturnas. Estimativas de sódio e potássio obtidas pelo questionário foram ajustadas pela energia utilizando o método residual. A excreção urinária foi considerada válida se atendesse a três critérios: tempo de coleta, volume e excreção total de creatinina adequados. Foram estimadas médias dos nutrientes e calculada a correlação de Spearman. O consumo de sódio e potássio foi categorizado em quintis e foram calculados o kappa ponderado e o percentual de concordância. O nível de significância para todos os testes foi de 0,05. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados dados de 15,105 participantes e encontradas diferenças significativas entre médias de sódio (questionário: 4,5 ± 1,7 g; urina: 4,2 ± 2,1 g) e potássio (questionário: 4,7 ± 1,8 g; urina: 2,4 ± 1 g). Foi encontrada fraca concordância para sódio (K = 0,18) e potássio (K = 0,16). Percentuais de discordância entre métodos variaram de 41,8-44,5%; concordâncias exatas de 22,1-23,9%. CONCLUSÃO: A concordância entre o questionário de frequência alimentar e excreção urinária para avaliação do consumo de sódio e potássio foi modesta.

Prevalência e aglomeração de fatores de risco cardiometabólicos em população idosa residente em área rural / Prevalence and clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors in the elderly population living in rural areas / Prevalencia y aglomeración de factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos en la población rural de edad avanzada

Com este artigo objetivou-se avaliar a prevalência e aglomeração dos fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares em população idosa da árearural. Foi realizado estudo transversal com 236 indivíduos, com idade entre 60 e 99 anos, residentes em área rural. Os fatores analisados foram:excesso de peso (IMC ≥ 27 kg/m²), obesidade abdominal (circunferência da cintura ≥ 88 cm para as mulheres e ≥ 102 para os homens), colesteroltotal ≥ 200 mg/dL, triglicerídeos ≥ 150 mg/dL, colesterol LDL ≥ 160 mg/dL, colesterol HDL ≤ 40 mg/dL para homens e ≤ 50 mg/dL para mulheres,glicemia ≥ 100 mg/dL, pressão arterial sistólica/diastólica > 140/90 mmHg, tabagismo, síndrome metabólica definida de acordo com critériosdo National Cholesterol Education Program e escore de dieta ruim. Razões de prevalência (RP) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foramcalculados segundo sexo. Foi encontrada aglomeração de quatro ou mais fatores de risco em 47,4% da população. As mulheres apresentaramalta prevalência de excesso de peso (RP = 1,9; IC95% = 1,05-3,61), obesidade abdominal (RP = 3,1; IC95% = 1,80-5,50), colesterol LDL aumentado(RP = 2,4; IC95% = 1,31-4,21), síndrome metabólica (RP = 2,2; IC95% = 1,25-3,84), hipercolesterolemia (RP = 1,3; IC95% = 1,06-1,68) e dislipidemia(RP = 1,1; IC95% = 1,01-1,29) quando comparadas aos homens. Este estudo confirma a alta prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovasculares napopulação idosa e a necessidade de políticas públicas efetivas de prevenção de doenças, objetivando envelhecimento saudável.

This study assessed the prevalence and clustering of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in the elderly population of rural areas. This crosssectionalstudy was performed with 236 individuals, aged between 60 and 99 years, residents in a rural area. The factors analyzed were:overweight (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m²), abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥ 88 cm for women and ≥ 102 for men), total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dL, triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL, LDL cholesterol ≥ 160 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol ≤ 40 mg/dL for men and ≤ 50 mg/dL for women, blood glucose ≥100 mg/dL, systolic/diastolic blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg, smoking, metabolic syndrome defined according to criteria from the NationalCholesterol Education Program, and bad diet score. Ratios of prevalence (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (IC95%) were calculated according tosex. Agglomeration of four or more risk factors was observed in 47.4% of the population. Women showed high prevalence of overweight (PR = 1.9;IC95% = 1.05-3.61), abdominal obesity (PR = 3.1; IC95% = 1.80-5.50), increased LDL cholesterol (PR = 2.4; IC95% = 1.31-4.21), metabolic syndrome(PR = 2.2; IC95% = 1.25 -3.84), hypercholesterolemia (PR = 1.3; IC95% = 1.06-1.68), and dyslipidemia (PR = 1.1; IC95% = 1.01-1.29) when comparedto men. This study confirms the high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the elderly population and the need for effective public policiesfor prevention, aiming at healthy aging.

Este artículo estima la prevalencia y aglomeración de factores de riesgo cardiovascular entre la población anciana de una zona rural. Estudio transversal realizado con 236 individuos entre 60 y 99 años. Los factores estudiados fueron (IMC>27kg/m2), obesidad abdominal (circunferencia de cintura >88cm para ¡as mujeres y >102 para los hombres), colesterol total >200mg/dl, triglicéridos >150mg/dl, colesterol LDL >160mg/dl, colesterol HDL<40 mg/dl para los hombres y <50mg/dl para las mujeres, glucosa en ayunas >100 mg/dl, presión arterial sistólica/diastólica >140/90 mmHg, el tabaquismo. El síndrome metabólico fue definido de acuerdo con los criterios del National Cholesterol Education Program. Razones de prevalencia (RP) y los intervalos de confianza de 95% (IC95%) se calcularon para cada sexo. Aglomeración de cuatro o más factores de riesgo se encontró en 47,4% de la población. Las mujeres presentaron una mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso (RP =1,9; IC95%=1,05 a 3,61), de obesidad abdominal (RP = 3,1; IC95%=1,80 a 5,50), colesterol- LDL aumentado (RP = 2,4; IC95% = 1.31-4.21), y de síndrome metabólica (PR = 2,2, IC del 95%: 1,25 a 3,84), hipercolesterolemia (PR = 1, 3, IC del 95%: 1,06 a 1,68) y dislipemia (PR =1,1; IC95%=1,01 a 1,29) en comparación con los hombres. El estudio confirma la alta prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en la población anciana y la necesidad de implementar políticas públicas de prevención con miras al envejecimiento saludable.

Fatores associados à não realização do Teste de Papanicolaou em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 2008 / Factors associated with non-performance of papanicolaou tests in Belo Horizonte / Factores asociados a la no realización del Papanicolaou en Belo Horizonte

Buscou-se estimar os fatores associados à não realização do exame de Papanicolaou no município de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, entre mulheres de 18-65 anos, durante o ano de 2008. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, de base populacional, utilizando-se dados de inquérito realizado por entrevistas telefônicas para monitorar a frequência e a distribuição de fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis - VIGITEL 2008. Foram consideradas informações de 1.214 mulheres. Utilizou-se a regressão de Poisson para verificar a associação entre a não realização do exame de Papanicolaou com as variáveis independentes. A frequência de realização do exame entre as mulheres foi de 76,43% (IC 95%: 69,56-83,30). Ser jovem; possuir baixa escolaridade; viver sem companheiro; não ter realizado o exame de mamografia; declarar como ruim o estado de saúde; e não possuir diagnóstico médico de hipertensão mostraram associação independente com a não realização do teste. A prevalência do exame em Belo Horizonte foi satisfatória, porém insuficiente para impactar no perfil epidemiológico do câncer do colo uterino. É preciso fortalecer e qualificar as ações de promoção da saúde necessárias para mais adesão das mulheres que não estão realizando o exame de Papanicolau.

This study aimed to estimate factors associated with the non-performance of the Papanicolaou test in women of 18 to 65 years of age in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, in 2008. This work was a cross-sectional population based study, collecting data through questions asked in telephone interviews to monitor the frequency and distribution of risk and protective factors for non-communicable chronic diseases, entitled VIGITEL 2008. The collected data analyzed 1,214 women. Poisson Regression was used to verify the association between the non-performance of the Papanicolaou test and the independent variables. The frequency with which the Papanicolaou test was performed among the women of this study was of 76.43% (95% CI: 69.56 – 83.30). Being a teenager, low level of education; not living with a partner; not having performed a mammogram; referring to one’s health condition as bad; and not having a medical diagnosis of hypertension showed independent associations with the non-performance of the Papanicolaou test. The prevalence of the examination in Belo Horizonte was satisfactory; however, it proved insufficient to impact the epidemiological profile of uterine cancer. Actions are necessary to strengthen health promotion regarding a greater adherence of women to Papanicolaou screening.

Se ha buscado estimar los factores asociados a la no realización de la prueba de Papanicolaou en la ciudad de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, entre mujeres de 18 a 65 años durante 2008. Se trata de un estudio transversal de base poblacional que utiliza datos de una investigación realizada por medio de entrevistas telefónicas para monitoreo de la frecuencia y distribución de factores de riesgo y protección para enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles - VIGITEL. Fueron consideradas informaciones de 1.214 mujeres. Fue utilizada la regresión de Poisson para verificar la asociación entre las variables de interés y la no realización de la prueba. La frecuencia de realización de la prueba fue de 76,4% (IC 95%: 69,56 - 83,30). Ser joven, tener baja escolaridad, vivir sin compañero, no haber realizado examen de mamografia, declarar tener mala salud y no tener diagnóstico médico de hipertensión son factores que mostraron asociación independiente a la no realización de la prueba. La prevalencia de la prueba en Belo Horizonte fue considerada satisfactoria; sin embargo, insuficiente como para repercutir en el perfil epidemiológico del cáncer de cuello uterino. Es necesario fortalecer y cualificar las acciones de promoción de la salud necesarias para que haya más adhesión a esta prueba.

Psicoterapia de grupo para parejas como modelo de intervención en un instituto de tercer nivel / Group psychotherapy for couples as an intervention model in a tertiary institute

At the National Institute of Perinatology, a line of clinical psychological research is the study and treatment of patients with couple problems to generate strategies of intervention based on clinical research. Objective To identify risk indicators in a psychotherapy institutional group process. Material and method The qualitative-interpretative method was used. The sessions, in an open group form, were once a week during two hours. Attendance ranged between eight and 12 participants. 35 sessions were analyzed with the content analysis method. Results The mean age was 32.3 years for women and 35.1 for men. The information was systematized with the most significant stories. The indicators found in women were: impotence and trapping feelings, affective distancing from their couple, confusion of the origin of the relationship conflicts between external and/or internal origins, violent or confused communication, submissive or explosive character, resentment due to a perceived indifference from their couple, history of sexual abuse which difficults a satisfactory development of couple relationships, guilt, and resentment or anger feelings at their parents. The indicators in men were: trapping and impotence feelings due to the control exercised by their couples, violent behaviors on domestic environments, over-exigent and persecutory conducts, difficulty on the individuation process and unsolved conflicts with their primary figures which prevent a satisfactory relationship. Conclusions Marital problems deeply disturb the affective life of people and have familiar and social consequences. This paper is an incursion to understand a small part of the important facts regarding this universe, aiming to be more specific in the treatment plans for people suffering marital conflicts.

Una línea de investigación clínica de Psicología en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, es el estudio y atención a las pacientes con problema de pareja, para generar estrategias de intervención basadas en la investigación clínica. Objetivo Detectar indicadores de riesgo en un proceso de psicoterapia de grupo institucional. Material y método Se utilizó el método cualitativo-interpretativo. Las sesiones se llevan a cabo una vez a la semana, con dos horas de duración, en grupo abierto, con una fluctuación de entre ocho y 12 participantes. Se analizaron 35 sesiones con análisis de contenido. Resultados La edad promedio fue de 32.3 años para las mujeres y de 35.1 para los hombres, la sistematización de la información obtenida se realizó con las partes de los relatos más significativos. Algunos indicadores encontrados en las mujeres fueron: sensación de impotencia y atrapamiento, distanciamiento afectivo de su pareja, confusión al no ubicar si los conflictos en la relación son externos o internos, la comunicación es violenta o confusa, o son sumisas o son explosivas, hay resentimiento por percibir indiferencia de su pareja, hay relatos de abuso sexual que dificulta un desarrollo satisfactorio de la vida en pareja, culpa, resentimientos e ira hacia sus padres. En los hombres hay atrapamiento e impotencia por un control desmedido que ejerce su pareja hacia ellos, ejercen actos violentos en el ámbito doméstico, son muy exigentes y persecutorios, con dificultad en el proceso de individuación, conflictos no resueltos con sus figuras primarias, imposibilitan una relación satisfactoria. Conclusiones Los problemas maritales afectan profundamente la vida afectiva de las personas con consecuencias familiares y sociales. Este trabajo es una incursión para entender una pequeña parte de lo que incluye este universo y poder ser más específicos en los planes de tratamiento de las personas que sufren conflictos maritales.

Diet assessment in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil): Development of a food frequency questionnaire / Avaliação da dieta no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil): desenvolvimento do Questionário de Frequência Alimentar

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to present the development of the Food Frequency Questionaire used in the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health-Brazil and analyze how diet exposes individuals to cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes Mellitus. METHODS: The Longitudinal Study of Adult Health-Brazil dietary assessment instrument is based on a previously validated Food Frequency Questionaire and the final list of items took into consideration a study done in the six Longitudinal Study of Adult Health-Brazil investigation centers. RESULTS: New foods/preparations were included in the Food Frequency Questionaire with their respective portions, totaling 114 items. The perspectives of dietary analysis and cardiovascular diseases and diabetes are presented in Longitudinal Study of Adult Health-Brazil. CONCLUSION: A new instrument was developed to cover the regional particularities of the study population.

OBJETIVO: Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar o desenvolvimento do Questionário de Frequência Alimentar utilizado no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto e as perspectivas de análise da dieta, como exposição a doenças cardiovasculares e diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. MÉTODOS: O instrumento de avaliação dietética do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto foi construído a partir de um Questionário de Frequência Alimentar previamente validado. A lista final de itens alimentares levou em consideração um levantamento realizado nos seis centros de investigação do estudo em questão. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos novos alimentos/preparações no Questionário de Frequência Alimentar, com as respectivas porções, perfazendo um total de 114 itens. São apresentadas as perspectivas de análise da dieta e doenças cardiovasculares e diabetes no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto. CONCLUSÃO: Desenvolveu-se um novo instrumento que busca atender especificidades regionais contempladas na população do estudo.

Catálogo florístico de plantas medicinales peruanas / Floristic catalog of Peruvian medicinal plants

El Centro Nacional de Salud Intercultural (CENSI) presenta el Catálogo florístico de plantas medicinales peruanas. Los registros fotográficos del catálogo corresponden a colectas botánicas que fueron obtenidas en los departamentos de Puno, Tacna, San Martín y Amazonas. El Catálogo está dirigido principalmente a profesionales de la salud y dedicado a nuestros pueblos indígenas, por ser quienes salvaguardan y preservan nuestra biodiversidad a través del respeto y el uso ancestral de sus conocimientos etnobotánicos. Este trabajo contiene información fotográfica de las especies vegetales colectadas mostrando sus flores y/o frutos, lo que permite su identificación; asimismo, contiene información con el nombre común, la familia botánica, el lugar de colecta y el uso tradicional de las especies. Se recomienda un uso prudente de la información sobre los efectos terapéuticos de las plantas consignadas en este catálogo, pues no se ha comprobado su seguridad y eficacia en humanos; más aun, cuando el conocimiento tradicional nos muestra que estas especies pudieran usarse en afecciones potencialmente serias. Por lo tanto, su utilización deberá ser preferentemente indicada por un profesional de la salud con formación en el tema o por un miembro de la comunidad con experticia en el manejo de estas plantas medicinales. Es un error frecuente asumir que las plantas, por el hecho de ser "naturales", son totalmente inocuas. Se debe tener en consideración que la exposición y difusión de los usos tradicionales tiene por finalidad difundir nuestros saberes tradicionales, contar con una fuente referencial para emprender estudios que validen dicha información y, en otros casos, para iniciar los estudios clínicos correspondientes.

Factores asociados a disfunción eréctil en pacientes urológicos atendidos en el Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza de Enero a Junio del 2011 / Factors associated with erectile dysfunction in urological patients attended at the National Hospital Arzobispo Loayza from January to June 2011

Objetivos: Identificar los factores asociados a disfunción eréctil en pacientes urológicos atendidos en el Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza (HNAL) en el periodo comprendido del 01 de Enero al 30 de Junio del 2011. Material y Métodos: La muestra estuvo constituida por 368 pacientes que acudieron a la consulta ambulatoria del servicio de urología del HNAL en el periodo que correspondió al estudio. Los datos obtenidos durante la investigación, por medio de la ficha de recolección de datos, elaborada para los fines de la investigación se ordenaron y procesaron, valiéndonos del programa SPSS 18.0 para Windows 2007. Resultados: La media de edad de pacientes con DE fue 65,5 años, y de 53 años de los que no presentaron DE. Hubo una mayor frecuencia de pacientes casados/convivientes en el 83.7 por ciento de los casos. El 44.6 por ciento de los pacientes tenían grado de instrucción secundaria. El 53.3 por ciento de los pacientes tuvieron hiperplasia protática. El 3.3 por ciento de los pacientes si fumaban (menos de una cajetilla/día). El 37 por ciento de los pacientes consumía alcohol ocasionalmente (menos de 4 veces/mes). El 29.3 por ciento de los pacientes presentaron disfunción eréctil media a moderada; el 27.2 por ciento presentaron disfunción media. Conclusiones: Los factores asociados a disfunción eréctil en pacientes urológicos atendidos en el Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza fueron la edad, diabetes Mellitus tipo 2, hiperplasia prostática, menor grado de instrucción y estado de viudo/separado (P<0.05).

Perfiles e indicadores psicológicos relacionados con la dispareunia y el vaginismo: Estudio cualitativo. Segunda parte / Profiles and psychological indicators related to dyspareunia and vaginismus: Qualitative study. Part two

One target of psychology of health is the quest for specificity when detecting factors related to psychological disorders, among which there are female sexual dysfunctions showing associated pain: dyspareunia and vaginismus (not caused by medical disease). Dyspareunia is the presence of genital pain during sexual intercourse and is related to psychological or relational factors. Vaginismus is characterized by spasms in the muscles of the vaginal entrance, making it difficult or impossible to perform coitus; the woman can be sexually aroused, responsive and enjoying sexual games, she can even reach her orgasm, as long as there is no penetration. Of all the causes mentioned, the following are recognized: incapacity to let go to the erotic experience, fear to failure, cultural influence predisposing sexual conflict, anxiety and shame, as well as couple problems. However, specificity is lacking in the factors related to each one of these sexual dysfunctions in order to provide elements generating intervention strategies. Objective The objective is to detect new indicators with the purpose of having a better understanding of why an individual exercises sexuality in such a way that it makes her have a proper sexual response and why, in other situations, the sexual response shows alterations leading to dyspareunia or vaginismus. Four are the specific objectives: 1. Identification of current indicators that have an influence in sexual dysfunctions of the participants. 2. Identification of indicators that have had an influence in the unsatisfactory development of sexuality of the participants. 3. Identification of elements of perception of the participants in the couple life of their parents that may have had an impact on their sexuality. 4. Identification of indicators that, within the sexual management provided by the family, had an impact in the sexual life of the participants. Material and methods The qualitative-interpretative method was used, in the form of an exploratory case-study. The institution where the study took place was the Department of Psychology of the National Institute of Perinatology (INPerlER). The sample was constituted by three participants, all of them patients from the institution; they had to comply with certain inclusion criteria of the study. Any physical problem that could have caused the sexual dysfunction was discarded. The first participant did not show any sexual dysfunction (NSD), the second one showed dyspareunia (D) and the third one showed vaginismus (V). We used a semi-structured, focalized, in-depth interview. Interviews took place after having signed a letter of informed consent, accordingly to the ethical institutional requirements, and we also got an approval of recording the interview. We used the analysis of content with an empiric, exploratory orientation. Categories were organized accordingly with the specific objectives. Results The three participants were: NSD: 32 years old, five years of marriage. No sexual dysfunction. V: 36 years old, six years of marriage. Diagnosis: vaginismus. D: 33 years old, one year in free union. Diagnosis: dyspareunia. Data systematization was performed dividing the units of analysis by every participant and the parts of the most significative stories of every specific objective within its respective categories. In the analysis of categories we detected two conditions: internal and relational, as well as two types of indicators: risk indicators and protective indicators. What marked the difference was the dominium of the protective indicators overthe risk indicators in the NSD participant. Among the more important risk indicators, we found feelings of disadvantage, uselessness and devaluating feelings, linked to a tendency to submissive behavior, as a consequence of remote causes such as having faced a double moral in the family: on the one hand erotized family bonds during infancy and, on the other hand, prohibitions and stiffness towards any sexual curiosity or manifestation, apart from a poor socialization. The conflict between desire and sexual prohibition generates confusion in the identification of sensations, setting a painful, fearful association to sexuality, even moreso if this landscape is complicated with other elements such as violence and carelessness. Other elements found as a consequence of the aforementioned include self-inflicted violence, annulment of desire, lack of self-care and interacting problems with the opposite sex in everyday life. All of this leads to an incapacity of exerting a satisfactory sexual life, drifting towards secondary fears when feeling disadvantageous while interacting with the couple; this, in great extent, determines the conflicts, which maybe either a cause or a consequence of the sexual problem. Confusion also arises when trying to identify whether problems are internal or external, thence conductual responses tend to complicate the relationship. In both sexual dysfunctions we find a specific type of frustration, since desire, excitement and orgasm are present, but coitus cannot be performed in a satisfactory way. The following are the more important protective indicators: conductual assertive responses, clarity in the affections, situation of the problems, search for sexual information, openness to family communication and with the couple, a couple's differential place, plus the search of satisfaction of sexuality and self care. Among the indicators shared we found: limited or null sexual education, poor communication in the family nucleus, and gender stereotypes highly polarized between parents, among others. Conclusions We corroborate in this study that it is the combination of specific elements which contributes to the presence of these two sexual dysfunctions, since the psychological world has many intertwined streams, intervention models cannot be centered only in sexual techniques, but they should also consider the indicators related to such alterations. Finally, it must be pointed out that the results of this phase are the product of an exploratory study, opening the gates to new lines of research.

Una de las metas de la psicología de la salud es la búsqueda de especificidad en la detección de factores relacionados con los trastornos psicológicos, entre los que se encuentran las disfunciones sexuales femeninas por dolor: la dispareunia y el vaginismo (no debidas a enfermedad médica). La dispareunia es la presencia de dolor genital en la relación sexual. El vaginismo se caracteriza por espasmos de la musculatura de la entrada vaginal que dificultan o hacen imposible la realización del coito. Entre las causas se mencionan la incapacidad de abandonarse a la experiencia erótica, temor al fracaso, etc. Sin embargo, hace falta especificar los factores relacionados con éstas disfunciones sexuales para obtener elementos generadores de estrategias de intervención. Objetivo de la segunda fase Detectar indicadores para tener una mayor comprensión de por qué una mujer tiene un ejercicio de la sexualidad que la lleva a tener una respuesta sexual adecuada y por qué en otra la respuesta sexual presenta alteraciones que dan como resultado la presencia de dispareunia o vaginismo. Los objetivos específicos son cuatro: 1. Identificar indicadores actuales que influyen en la presencia de disfunciones sexuales de las participantes. 2. Identificar indicadores que hayan influido en el desarrollo insatisfactorio de la sexualidad de las participantes. 3. Identificar elementos de la percepción que tienen las participantes de la vida en pareja de sus padres, que pudieron impactar en su sexualidad. 4. Identificar procesos que dentro de la dinámica familiar impactaron la vida sexual de las participantes. Material y método Se utilizó el método cualitativo-interpretativo, estudio de casos y exploratorio. El escenario fue el Departamento de Psicología del Instituto Nacional de Perinatología (INPerlER), se entrevistó a tres participantes pacientes de éste. La primera sin disfunción sexual (SDS), la segunda con dispareunia (D) y, la tercera con vaginismo (V). Se utilizó la entrevista en profundidad semi-estructurada y se trabajó con análisis de contenido. Las categorías se organizaron de acuerdo a los objetivos específicos. Resultados La sistematización de los datos se realizó dividiendo las unidades de análisis por cada participante de cada objetivo específico. Se detectaron dos condiciones: las internas y las relaciónales, así como dos tipos de indicadores: los de riesgo y los protectores. Lo que marcó la diferencia fue el predominio de los indicadores protectores sobre los de riesgo en la participante SDS. Entre los indicadores de riesgo se encuentran sentimientos de desventaja, de inutilidad y devaluatorios, ligados a una tendencia a la sumisión; ello como consecuencia de causas remotas, como haber enfrentado una doble moral familiar. El conflicto entre deseo y prohibición sexual genera confusión, estableciéndose una asociación doloroso y llena de temores hacia la sexualidad. Otro elemento encontrado, consecuencia de lo anterior, es la violencia al propio cuerpo, la anulación del deseo, falta de autocuidado y problemas en la interacción con el sexo opuesto en su vida actual. De los indicadores protectores están las respuestas conductuales asertivas, la claridad de sus afectos, ubicación de los problemas, búsqueda de información sexual, apertura en la comunicación familiar y con la pareja, búsqueda de satisfacción de su sexualidad y autocuidado. Entre los indicadores que comparten se encuentra una limitada educación sexual, pobre comunicación en el núcleo familiar y estereotipos de género muy polarizados de los padres. Conclusiones Es la combinación de elementos específicos que se presentan de manera cotidiana los que implican un mayor riesgo para desarrollar estas disfunciones sexuales, los modelos de intervención no pueden únicamente centrarse en las técnicas sexuales y deben contemplar los indicadores relacionados con estas alteraciones. Cabe señalar que los resultados son producto de un estudio exploratorio que abre las puertas para nuevas líneas de investigación y de los cuales no se pueden hacer generalizaciones.

Perfiles e indicadores psicológicos relacionados con la dispareunia y el vaginismo. Estudio cuantitativo. Primera parte / Profiles and pshychological indicators related to dyspareunia and vaginismus: Quantitative study

Background At the Department of Psychology of the National Institute of Perinatology Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes (INPerIER) -a medical unit specialized in reproductive problems-, a line of investigation on human sexuality was opened due to the high numbers of patients with some kind of problem in their sexual lives. We have been performing exploratory studies where we have found a high prevalence of sexual disorders, i.e. 52% in women and 38.8% in men, in addition to other comparative studies. These studies revealed that people with disturbances in their sexual life were in a disadvantageous position when considering factors such as self-concept, assertivity, levels of anxiety, marital satisfaction, style of communication and marital communication, when compared to population not showing sexual problems. This brought us to the conclusion that the presentation of one or more sexual disorders is a risk factor that deserves exhaustive studies from the psychological point of view. Our studies, made in groups of men and women showing sexual disorders, lead to the need of studying risk factors related with every sexual disorder. We have a hypothesis that not all disorders show in a similar manner and that it is in the different combination of factors where the specificity to provide elements that can help improve intervention plans lies. Objective The general objective of this work was to identify the frequency, differences, relationships and combinations between the feminine sexual dysfunctions known as sexual pain disorders: dyspareunia and vaginismus, and some intervening variables. These were gender role and self-esteem (psychological factors) and background (child sexual traumatic experience, sexual information, sexual fears, masturbation and conjugal problems), in order to create a profile of each one of these sexual disorders so that it provides elements for intervention plans. Material and methods This was a non-experimental, transversal, retrospective field study with a correlational-multivariate design and an independent sample divided into three groups with individuals selected by intentional sampling according to pre-established quotas. This work belongs to a wider research study of some risk factors found in male and female sexual dysfunctions, whose original sample consisted of 400 participants; out of this group we selected only participants with dyspareunia and vaginismus and they were compared with the same number of participants who showed no sexual disorder. So, the sample classification remained as follows: Group 1, no sexual dysfunctions; group 2, with dyspareunia, and group 3 with vaginismus. Women participating are frequent attendees of the National Institute of Perinatology (INPerIER) and had to meet all the inclusion criteria. For the allocation into groups and the collection of sexual background data we used the codified clinical history for female sexuality (CCHFS). Measurement of personality factors was performed with the Masculinity and Femininity Inventory (MFI) and with Coppersmith's self-esteem inventory. A questionnaire on sexuality and the other instruments was provided and filled in one single session at the outpatient room. For the analysis of results, we used central tendency measurements to describe controlled socio-demographic factors such as age, civil status and schooling. The statistical analysis consisted on determining the frequency of the presence of sexual dysfunctions within the group of women with sexual dysfunctions, out of which we got the patients presenting dyspareunia and vaginismus for group allocation. Then we made an analysis to compare the groups. The first group was set to be the one with no dysfunctions, the second one with dyspareunia and the third one with vaginismus, in order to get the significative differences and the relationship between groups and personality factors under study (gender role and self-esteem); for these we used the t-Student test and ETA coefficient. For the analysis of sexual background (child sexual traumatic experience, sexual information, sexual fears, masturbation and conjugal problems) and their relationship with dysfunctions, we used X² and Cramer's V. Factors resulting related were used to perform a discriminant analysis so as to propose explanational profiles; all variables found to be related, psychological factors and sexual background were included in the analysis. Statistical data analysis was made with the software SPSS version 11. Results The description of the samples shows a normal distribution with an average for groups of age and schooling as follows: for group 1, age 31.9±5.32, years in school 10.9±3.17; for group 2, age 32.7±5.54, years in school 10.2±2.8; and for group 3, age 33.7±3.1, years in school, 9.9±2.5. From every statistical analysis variables were isolated and personality factors studied, indicating women with dyspareunia showed a decrease in masculinity features and in their levels of self-esteem, and an increase in submissive features, when compared to women with no sexual dysfunctions. As to the analysis of the results of sexual background, in the dyspaurenia group we found a relationship with conjugal problems, suggesting these variables have a significant intervention in the presence of dyspaurenia during women's adult life. The discriminant analysis launched a factor out of four variables, with 75.9% of the cases correctly classified, demonstrating that women with dyspaurenia within this percentage have related indicators, discriminating variables constituting an explanational approximation. Results of the group of women with vaginismus indicate a decrease in the self-esteem feature and an increase in the submissive features. Analysis of sexual background showed a relation between women with vaginismus and sexual fears, a decrease in sexual information and presence of conjugal problems. Described background data have a significant intervention in these women's adult life. The discriminant analysis launched a factor out of five variables, with 84.1% of the cases correctly classified, demonstrating that women with vaginismus within this percentage have these related indicators, discriminating variables constituting an explanational approximation. Conclusion The isolation of variables with the purpose of detecting the factors related to the presence of the two sexual disorders, dyspareunia and vaginismus, has as its main target to provide indicators of risk that facilitate the creation of intervention plans, in order to avoid making generalizations for the handling of sexual disorders.

Antecedentes En el Departamento de Psicología del Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes (INPerIER), se encontró una alta prevalencia de disfunciones sexuales: 52% en las mujeres y 38.8% en los hombres, además de que otros estudios comparativos indican que la población que presentó alteraciones en la vida sexual mostró siempre desventaja en factores como el autoconcepto, la asertividad, la satisfacción marital, el estilo de comunicación y la comunicación marital, en comparación con la población que no presenta problemas sexuales. Por esto es necesario estudiar factores de riesgo relacionados con cada una de las disfunciones sexuales, bajo la hipótesis de que no todas se comportan igual y es en la diferencia de la combinación de factores donde se encuentra la especificidad que puede aportar elementos que mejoren los planes de intervención. Objetivo Identificar la frecuencia, la diferencia, la relación y la combinación entre las disfunciones sexuales femeninas (dispareunia y vaginismo) el papel de género y la autoestima (factores psicológicos), y algunos antecedentes sexuales (experiencia sexual infantil traumática, información sexual, temores a la sexualidad, masturbación y problemas conyugales) para generar un perfil de cada una de estas disfunciones sexuales que aporten elementos para los planes de intervención. Material y método Estudio no experimental, de campo, retrospectivo, transversal, con un diseño correlacional-multivariado de una muestra independiente dividida en tres grupos, seleccionados mediante un muestreo intencional por cuota. Este trabajo forma parte de una investigación más amplia sobre el estudio de algunos factores de riesgo en las disfunciones sexuales femeninas y masculinas, cuya muestra original constó de 400 participantes. De éstos sólo se tomaron las participantes con dispareunia y vaginismo las que se compararon con el mismo número de participantes que no presentaron ninguna disfunción sexual. Las muestras quedaron clasificadas de la siguiente manera: Grupo 1: sin disfunciones sexuales, grupo 2: con dispareunia y grupo 3: con vaginismo. Las participantes asisten al INPerIER y debieron cubrir todos los criterios de inclusión. Para la clasificación de los grupos y de los antecedentes sexuales se utilizó la Historia Clínica Codificada de la Sexualidad Femenina (HCCSF). Se utilizó el Inventario de Masculinidad y Feminidad (IMAFE), y el Inventario de Autoestima de Coopersmith. Él análisis estadístico se realizó con la prueba t de Student, el coeficiente ETA, la X² y una V de Cramer. Finalmente se aplicó un análisis discriminante para proponer los perfiles explicativos. Se trabajó con el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 11. Resultados Se encontró una distribución normal. Los resultados indican que las mujeres con diapareunia presentan una disminución en las características de masculinidad y los niveles de autoestima y un incremento en las características de sumisión, así como relación con problemas conyugales. En el grupo de mujeres con vaginismo hay disminución en la autoestima, incremento en las características de sumisión, relación con temores a la sexualidad, con una pobre información sexual y problemas conyugales. En los demás factores no se encontró relación. Conclusiones El aislar variables para detectar factores relacionados con la presencia de estas dos disfunciones sexuales, tiene como objetivo final descubrir indicadores de riesgo que puedan facilitar los planes de intervención con una mayor especificidad y no hacer generalizaciones de manejo para todas las disfunciones.